Physics experiment paper is that physics learners carry out physics experiments in a planned and purposeful way in order to test a certain physics theorem, law or hypothesis, or to explore new laws or solve some practical physical problems, observe, analyze, synthesize and judge the facts or phenomena obtained under certain artificial conditions, draw scientific conclusions, and then truthfully summarize the experimental process and creative achievements and publish them to the society in written form. This written expression is a physical experiment paper.
The writing basis of physics experiment paper is physics experiment. Physical experiment, like other natural science experiments, is an exploratory activity in which experimenters actively intervene or control phenomena and simulate physical phenomena or processes by using corresponding material means (experimental instruments and equipment, etc.). ) According to certain research purposes, certain physical facts can be obtained under typical environment or specific conditions. Like other natural science experiments, the elements of physical experiments are composed of experimenters, experimental objects and experimental means. The process of physical experiment is a process in which experimenters observe and study experimental objects and infer objective changes through their purposeful activities and by means of experiments. The physical experiment paper is to express this process and its conclusion. With the development of science, the content of physics research is getting richer and richer, and the physical problems studied are getting deeper and deeper. The level of physics experiment papers is also constantly improving. In line with this, the experimental means needed to test physical laws or hypotheses are bound to become more and more advanced, so physical experiments and physical theories develop in parallel or cross in independent forms, promoting each other and developing together. The purpose of physical experiment is to test the correctness of physical theorems, laws and even physical theories, or to deepen the understanding of a certain law. In order to achieve this goal, the physical experiment is carried out in an artificial ideal environment with certain instruments and methods and after careful design and arrangement. It has the functions of simulating, simplifying, purifying, strengthening, synthesizing, inhibiting or excluding some physical phenomena, so that we can quickly, reliably and economically understand the physical laws of nature, thus achieving the purpose of popularizing and transforming nature. This is also one of the values of physical experiment, and its thesis is the medium to realize this value, and physical experiment is the basis and forerunner of creating physical theory. The history of physics proves by irrefutable facts that the major discoveries and breakthroughs of physics theory are all developed and refined from experiments. In addition, according to the known facts, new ideas and assumptions are put forward through reasoning, and their correctness can only be determined through physical experiments. The emergence of quantum theory in the 20th century was based on numerous modern physical experiments. In a sense, quantum theory is the crystallization of countless papers in modern physical experiments, and Einstein's theory of relativity was accepted by physicists only after experimental tests, so relativity is also an indirect paper in physical experiments.
The physical experiment paper can not only express that the author has designed a brand-new experimental scheme according to the specific research purpose, but also use external factors to interfere with the experimental object and see what will happen to it. Then record or express this process in words; New principles, equipment and methods can also be used to verify whether the existing experimental results are correct; It can also be expressed as using the same experimental principles, equipment and methods as others to carry out higher precision determination, further deepening the understanding of some properties and laws of the research object, and leading the research work to the development of in-depth methods.
2 characteristics of physics experiment papers
2. 1 objective authenticity
Practice is the standard to test the truth, which is due to the objectivity and authenticity of practice, so objectivity is the most essential feature of the graduation thesis of physics experiment. Because physics experiment is to test the laws of physics, it provides a solid foundation and reliable basis for the development of physics theory. Therefore, when writing physics experiment papers, we must respect objective facts, seek truth from facts, truly record all experimental data, and pass repeated verification and inspection. So as to obtain objective experimental results. Never modify the data to adapt to a physical theorem or law, making the experiment meaningless. When the experimental results violate a certain law, we should carefully check and analyze all possible factors in the experimental process and try our best to eliminate the unfavorable factors. If the experimental conditions are not met, it is necessary to analyze them theoretically, or verify the influence trend of these factors on the experimental results through experiments, so as to explain the role of these factors in the experimental results and provide valuable reference value for other experimenters. The experimental results must be repeatable, and the experimental data should not only stand their own verification, but also stand the reinspection of others. Under the same experimental conditions, anyone who carries out the same experiment at any time and any place will get exactly the same experimental results. The phenomena in the experiment can be repeatedly tested by many experimenters, which can generally ensure the objectivity of the experimental results. The objectivity of unrepeatable experimental results will be questioned. 1959, American physicist Weber announced that his experimental device directly received gravitational radiation from a celestial body in the Milky Way, thus directly verifying Einstein's prediction about gravitational waves. However, his experimental results have not been repeated in more than a dozen laboratories around the world, so they have not been recognized by the scientific community.
2.2 Strict accuracy
The physics experiment paper not only needs to truly and objectively reflect the experimental phenomena and results, but also needs to be accurately described. It is necessary to accurately describe the whole process and important details such as the purpose, object, instrument, method, steps, phenomena, data and results of the experiment, and analyze the causes of various phenomena in detail. This is a scientific attitude that must be possessed in writing physics experiment papers. When recording data, it must be accurately read out to the estimated position according to the accuracy of the instrument. In the process of data operation, you can't choose at will to avoid losing accuracy. You must choose a value according to the arithmetic rules of significant numbers. Only by processing the data accurately and scientifically can we reflect the authenticity of the experiment and get unexpected results.
2.3 Independent creativity
Although both physical experiment papers and physical experiment reports are written forms of physical experiment results, there are obvious differences in content and expression. The most fundamental difference is that physical experiment papers must be original. In other words, we must have our own unique opinions. The physical experiment report is a truthful record of the experimental process and results, including the details of the whole experimental work, equipment, observation results and so on, which is quite detailed and specific. The physical experiment report can repeat the description of the previous experimental results, and is not limited to expounding the innovative content, and does not require a clear conclusion. Whether the experiment achieves the expected purpose or not and whether the obtained results are correct can be written as a physical experiment report, which has important reference value for the research of physical theory and experiment. In terms of expression, the physical experiment report mainly focuses on narration and explanation, and only needs to truthfully state the experimental process and results, and the length is relatively short. Even some experimental reports have designed a fixed form, and only need to fill in the items listed in the form one by one, even if the task is completed. However, physics experiment paper is not. It is a written form of creative achievements in physical experiments. In order to expound the author's physical viewpoint, one must have a unique personal viewpoint. It doesn't have to include a detailed description of the experimental process, and it doesn't have to describe too many complicated observations. All experimental work can be written into experimental reports, but it is not necessary to write a paper, and ultimately it depends on whether the viewpoint is original. In terms of expression, physics experimental papers mainly focus on exposition and discussion, which are required to conform to the chapters and writing norms of academic papers.
3. The main structural forms of physics experiment papers
3. 1 Introduction
The introduction of physics experiment paper plays an important role in the whole paper and is a fascinating facade. It is required to explain the reason, purpose and importance of this experiment. What kind of experiment is it? Why do you want to do this experiment? How did this question come up? What is the theoretical and practical basis? What is the problem to be solved? What have predecessors and others done? What problems have not been finally solved, and what expansion, breakthrough and creative achievements have been made. This part should be concise and clear. There is no need to write all the above. As needed. In the introduction, we should objectively and fairly comment on the work done by predecessors in this regard, and don't quote and pile up the contents of predecessors' papers too much.
3.2 Text
The main contents of physics experiment papers can be divided into the following aspects:
(1) experimental principle
Briefly explain the basic principle, experimental scheme and design principle of experimental device on which the experiment is based. The experimental principles of some papers can be omitted, but there are two situations that cannot be omitted: first, the experimental principles or experimental schemes and devices are designed by themselves, and the experimental contents are novel; Second, the experimental conditions are complex and it is difficult for readers to understand and master, so it is necessary to briefly explain the experimental principle.
(2) experimental equipment and methods
This is the core content of the physics experiment paper. The whole process of a research project from project establishment to achievement is to use experimental materials and equipment and adopt effective experimental methods. Therefore, this part should introduce the selected materials, experimental equipment and experimental methods one by one, so that others can repeat the experiment accordingly. When describing, simply mention the general materials, equipment and traditional methods, and point out the reference literature. If it is plagiarized and improved, it is necessary to describe the improved part in detail. If it is a self-designed experimental device or a new experimental method, the theoretical basis, principle, structure, conditions, equipment model, raw material specifications, performance, test means and operation steps of the design and method should be explained in detail, and the schematic diagram or photos of the experimental device should be attached, and the accuracy of all devices or instruments should be checked and calibrated as necessary.
(3) Experimental process
This part mainly explains the experimental scheme and technical route, as well as the specific operation steps of the experiment, as well as the changing factors and basis of experimental conditions during the experiment. There is no need to list the experimental process one by one, which makes the paper very verbose, but only describes the main, key and very useful experimental equipment and operation methods that are different from the general similar ones, which makes the regularity of the experimental results more distinct. If other people's experimental methods are adopted, it is only necessary to point out a certain method and indicate the cited references, and it is not necessary to explain the experimental process in detail. If there is any change in the experimental procedure, the reason for the change must be explained.
When describing the experimental process, the logical order of experimental work is usually adopted, rather than the time order of one's own experiments. It is necessary to grasp the main links, extract the cocoon from the complicated things, and write them in the order of their development and change, so that people can understand them easily and pay attention to the consistency of the experimental process. It should be analyzed from the aspects of success and failure, right and wrong, possibility and limitation, showing strict science and logic.
(4) Experimental results and analysis.
The experimental results and analysis are the core of this paper. The success or failure of the experiment is judged from this, and all the reasoning comes from this, so it is necessary to fully explain it with tables, charts, photos and other attachments. These attachments can save space and help readers understand here.
In this part, the specific judgment and analysis of the experimental results are usually discussed item by item. Data is an important basis for expressing results, and the name and code of its unit of measurement must follow the unified international system of units. We should try our best to compress some well-known arguments, highlight the new findings and confirmed new viewpoints of this topic, and let readers study the data repeatedly to thoroughly evaluate the correctness of judgment and reasoning. Some viewpoints obtained by the author in the experiment can be clarified, although they have not been completely proved to be concrete conclusions. Some experimental results are abnormal in some ways and cannot be explained. Although it does not affect the main points of the paper, it should also be explained for future researchers' reference.
The purpose of result analysis is to explain the significance of experimental results. Generally, it shall include the following contents:
A. main principles or concepts;
B. the experimental conditions, especially the shortcomings of uncontrollable manpower, should be explained;
C. The similarities and differences between this experiment and others' experiments, highlighting their own new discoveries and inventions in the experiment;
D. explain the causal relationship and its inevitability and contingency;
E. issues that need to be further explored.
In the further concrete analysis of the above aspects, we should arrange the order reasonably according to the status, relevance, causality and exceptional or opposite results of each problem, so that the problems can be explained logically.
Finally, the next research or future work plan of this topic can be put forward, which is enlightening and helpful to readers.
3.3 Conclusion
This is the final and overall conclusion of the physical experiment paper, which answers the judgment and evaluation summarized or generalized from the experimental results themselves. It is the crystallization of the whole experimental process and the essence of the whole paper. In the conclusion, the author should truthfully state the creative achievements and unique opinions obtained through the experiment. When making a conclusion, we should grasp the essence, highlight the center and reveal the internal relations of things; Use words appropriately and leave room. Don't make the problem ambiguous, and don't make it too dead, too big and too absolute. The fruitful experimental results only refer to the artificially created conditions in the experimental process, and its popularization and application are bound to be limited by such conditions. Therefore, all kinds of subjective and objective factors should be fully considered when making a conclusion, and the effectiveness of the laboratory should not be equated with the effectiveness in actual production. The text of the conclusion should be accurate, clear and concise, not repeating the previous results and discussions, but also echoing the introduction and closely linking with the text, so as to make full and logical reasoning and judgment and make a convincing conclusion.
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