Abstract: Language behavior is the main reason of communication, and non-language behavior is an important auxiliary means of language behavior. cross-culture
In communication, keeping harmony and familiarity is the principle that both sides should follow. This paper aims to discuss nonverbal communication behavior and its relationship with nonverbal communication.
On the basis of discussing the relationship between language communication behaviors, this paper expounds the conflicting side between them and puts forward some suggestions on how to avoid conflicts and protect them.
In-depth discussion and analysis of their harmony.
Guan Rui's words: language behavior; Nonverbal behavior; Intercultural communication
There are two channels for human communication: verbal behavior and nonverbal behavior.
Because. In life, people communicate mainly through language. In the study
In the process of communication, people usually only pay attention to language behavior and ignore it.
See nonverbal behavior. However, the communicative function of the same language behavior
Compared with nonverbal behavior, nonverbal behavior can convey information more truly and accurately.
Effectively express emotions and other functions. In cross-cultural communication, the same language is used.
For the same reason, nonverbal expression is inevitable to a great extent.
Land will be influenced by culture, and the same form is in different cultures.
It may also have different meanings, and these differences are in cross-cultural communication.
It will often lead to misunderstanding between the two sides of communication and seriously affect each other's communication.
International. This paper aims to analyze verbal communication and nonverbal communication in cross-cultural communication.
Communication analysis.
First, nonverbal blind communication
1. Definition of nonverbal communication
"non-speech communication" refers to
The purpose is to influence the output beyond language factors in a certain communicative environment.
The receiver or receiver contains those factors of information value. These factors
It can be man-made or created by the environment. ,,['〕
Nonverbal communication in a broad sense includes things other than verbal communication.
Have communicative behavior. Nonverbal communication in a narrow sense includes personal nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal cues that may be meaningful in other people's minds.
Processing process, it is a process that reflects non-verbal behavior, in
In a specific situation or context, it either appears alone or together with language.
Behavior happens at the same time. Nonverbal communication is an interdisciplinary subject.
Research, which covers a wide range and involves many fields of knowledge, such as:
Anthropology, psychology, cross-cultural communication, sociolinguistics, etc.
Nonverbal communication can basically be divided into two categories: one is aspect.
Bodyhanguage is mentioned through the movements of various parts of the human body.
Communicate information, including head movements, facial expressions and eye contact.
Flow, gesture, posture, physical contact, etc. One is the setting, which is determined by
Communication information provided by individuals in combination with the environment, including time.
Concept, spatial orientation, silence, etc.
2. Characteristics of nonverbal communication
Compared with verbal communication, nonverbal communication has several characteristics.
Point: First of all, many nonverbal behaviors are polysemous, and they are different.
A culture or region has many different and even contradictory connotations.
Justice. If you know too little about this phenomenon, once you are in a different place.
Culture, it is easy to feel confused and misunderstood. Secondly,
Nonverbal communication is unstructured, that is, nonverbal communication is not active.
：
Type structure or fixed pattern, the vast majority of nonverbal communication is
Unconscious, disorganized. In addition, non-verbal communication is also related.
Continuity Language communication begins and ends, and its duration is limited. Say "no"
Language communication is not like this, for example, after heated discussion and debate.
Although the two sides no longer speak, rich facial expressions are still there.
Pass a lot of information.
3. Ways of nonverbal communication
Speech act and nonverbal act have their own rules. human
Words, sentences and other language symbols used in language communication are as follows
Have the function of expressing feelings. Nonverbal communication is also a sign system.
System also has its special symbolic features and the function of transmitting information.
For example, human facial expressions can be transmitted through eyes, eyebrows, mouth, nose and facial muscles.
Movement changes convey happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger and contempt.
Sight, confusion and other emotions. Therefore, nonverbal communication is a kind of communication.
Information and communicative intention are conveyed by encoding and decoding nonverbal signals.
The process of love. From this, we can draw the following nonverbal communication.
Basic mode:
Information sender (coding)-nonverbal signal (decoding)-information receiver As shown above, information sender and receiver are both sides of communication.
Under the background of one's own culture, knowledge, experience and psychology.
And sending and receiving information in a specific context.
The feeling of "just a short distance" brought by cultural differences becomes natural.
About this matter. In order to avoid conflicts, we should consciously try to avoid using the same words.
Non-verbal behavior of verbal behavior conflict. In addition, if it is
Language behavior used in order to obtain special communicative effect.
Communicators should pay special attention to nonverbal behaviors in conflicts.
And timely consider whether the other party can accept such conflicting information, so as to
Avoid causing unnecessary conflicts. Therefore, the study of verbal communication and nonverbal communication
The most realistic significance of the relationship between communication and culture lies in
Solve the problem of cultural conflict in cross-cultural communication.
Third, confirm the relationship between official communication and nonverbal communication.
Second, cross-cultural communication.
Cross-cultural communication refers to people with different cultural backgrounds (information
The communication between the sender and the information receiver is the compilation of information.
People from different cultural backgrounds send or receive encoding and decoding.
First of all, we should affirm pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and other languages
Form will undoubtedly play an irreplaceable role in cross-cultural communication.
The role of generation. Secondly, when there are obstacles in verbal communication, nonverbal communication.
The role of communication in replacing, maintaining and even saving communication cannot be underestimated.
Estimate. As we all know, speaking and writing another language doesn't mean.
There will be no deviation in understanding this language. Because the words in the vocabulary
After all, the superficial meaning is limited, and the decisive factor of cognition is closely related to culture.
Related, cultural factors are often hidden behind words, including
Include many non-verbal communication factors.
In cross-cultural communication, people often pay more attention to language communication.
The correctness, appropriateness and acceptability of behavior are easily overlooked.
The influence of cultural differences on language communication behavior, means and results
Misunderstandings and conflicts often occur. Although advanced transportation and communication
It means shortening the time and space between people with different cultural backgrounds.
However, distance has not eliminated people's psychological barriers. writing
Some scholars believe that in face-to-face communication, the socialization of information
Only about 35% of the content is language behavior, and the rest is through non-.
Speech act. Some people in Sichuan think that 90% of the information comes from
Nonverbal communication shows the importance of nonverbal communication in interpersonal communication.
You can see the effect. In communication, a person's manners and manners.
The information provided by the country often greatly exceeds the information provided by its conversation.
Information quantity. Natural expressions, gestures, etc.
The information reflected by language behavior is more real than that reflected by language communication.
True, more accurate and more suitable for conveying implied hints. Non-linguistic dependence
Signs to judge each other's true intentions and ideas, can be better.
Experience the communication content that can only be understood in words, so as to communicate.
The quality of sublimation. In many languages, I can't express myself well or despise the use of language.
In order to express the occasion, nonverbal communication behavior can or must be replaced.
Substituting language behavior makes communication more accurate and expressive. if in
Language barriers in cross-cultural communication, dependence on nonverbal behavior
Dependence will be higher.
Of course, for the nonverbal communication behavior in the whole communication process
The role of and its relationship with language behavior, we should
Have a comprehensive and correct understanding. On the one hand, we must see that we are divorced from Africa.
Isolated language behavior is often difficult to achieve results.
Communicative purpose; On the other hand, we should also realize that nonverbal behavior is just
Only in a certain context can a clear meaning be expressed, a kind of
Nonverbal behaviors can only be matched with verbal behaviors or other nonverbal behaviors.
Close, can provide clear information. No verbal behavior, loneliness
The place to understand or study the meaning of a nonverbal act is often
The work is very hard. Chen Yuan believes: "Human beings have the most communication activities.
Of course, the important communication tool is language, but the communication tool is by no means.
Just language. In fact, there is often a mixture of language and language in social life.
Nonverbal tools. "
In language communication, there is a master-slave relationship between language and non-language.
Objectively speaking, it is natural that language is the main body of communication.
Land is in a dominant position, and nonverbal suggestion is a powerful auxiliary of language.
Tools. There should be no action to confirm this master-slave relationship.
Shake it. Generally speaking, nonverbal communication has a great influence on language communication.
Behavior plays a major role in emphasizing and supplementing. It contains six
Aspects: complementarity, conflict
Ting), repeat (R umbrella), adjust (re, lating), emphasize
(event), replace (substitute). [,]
First of all, the main intention of communication should be realized through linguistic means.
Now, although nonverbal clues convey a lot of information, they are not conducive to communication.
The information of practical value is limited, and there is no information at all.
Law is compared to a limited but systematic language expression,
Non-verbal cues provide the necessary communication for the smooth communication.
International situation is used to strengthen and supplement language means. Secondly, from the perspective of communication.
Technically, the nature and function of the two are very different. sometimes
And so on, accurately and delicately depicts the psychological activities of communicators, forming
For example, vividly describe the shape and motion state of things.
Words and deeds play an irreplaceable role. But nonverbal cues are shadows.
It is a very important factor affecting the effect of language communication, which can be in many ways.
Rich and accurate performance of more delicate psychological activities.
Compared with speech acts, nonverbal means have many advantages:
More reliable; (2) Sometimes it is more convenient and appropriate. But, when I
Scientists are sure that nonverbal suggestion has many advantages over verbal behavior.
At the same time, we should also recognize its limitations: (1) nonverbal communication.
Unstructured, often chaotic and flexible; (2) No.
Most language behaviors occur unconsciously.
Easy to produce ambiguity; (3) Different cultural backgrounds create nonverbal behaviors.
It is difficult for researchers to find such things as phonemes, syllables, words and sentences.
And other clear analysis units to analyze and study it.
Fourthly, the conflict between language blind communication and nonverbal communication.
On the conflict between verbal and nonverbal communication.
Before, it is necessary for us to understand the conventional semantics and implied meanings of words.
Semantic. The so-called "conventional semantics" mainly refers to a word or phrase.
Or the uterine meaning of a sentence. mean
It is generally understood that there will be no ambiguity under specific circumstances.
Justice. At the same time, conventional semantics also includes those conventional extensions.
Meaning. For example, the word pig literally means "pig", but this word
It is also often used as a metaphor for "insatiable people". Both of these meanings are
It is generally believed that they all belong to conventional semantics. And "implied semantics"
Refers to words, phrases or sentences that you don't usually know.
The meaning of knowledge. Due to the low frequency of use, this kind of semantics is more difficult for communicators.
Can not rely on the language itself to reveal its implied semantics, so often
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It needs to be determined by nonverbal means. Some words
Implied semantics are infinitely rich, and these infinitely rich implied words
According to the conventional semantics of language units, meaning is sparse, dense or positive.
Or vice versa. Because implicit semantics is not only hidden, but also
Moreover, the content is diversified, so nonverbal behavior and language should be hidden.
It is not always easy to maintain semantic consistency. Implied semantics
Without the help of nonverbal behavior, we can understand language and nonverbal behavior.
The semantic orientation of words sometimes conflicts.
To sum up, the conflict between language and non-language has three results:
(l) Causing the information receiver to be at a loss and unable to determine the transmission.
Which information is true. (2) the combination of the two conveys one.
Special mixing effect. This mixing is not a simplification of two semantics.
Single superposition, but a special language created on this basis.
An atmosphere of justice or emotion. (3) The two are collocated, but they are only nonverbal lines.
The information conveyed is true.
In cross-cultural communication, when the target language user's language list.
When communication skills are poor, communicators should learn from each other's fragmented words.
Judging the real intention of the other party, the difficulty of understanding can be imagined.
Got it. At this time, the role of nonverbal behavior is particularly important.
Nonverbal behavior must play a role in cross-cultural communication.
Meet the following conditions: the behavior itself must be the carrier of information; encode
And decoding procedures must be familiar to both parties; carrier
This form must be recognized by both parties. If different loads are used on both sides.
Communication occurs when body form (nonverbal behavior) expresses a certain meaning.
Obstacles For example, the thumb and forefinger are closed and the other three fingers are straight.
This action means "very good, no problem" in British and American culture.
Thinking is "three" in China, but it is cruel in some Latin American countries.
The act of packaging. [3]
The conflict between verbal behavior and nonverbal behavior is not just confrontation.
Have a negative impact. In fact, we often intentionally or unintentionally.
Make good use of the conflict between them to achieve a special communicative effect.
Fruit. For example, using pleasant facial expressions to match them contains negative meanings.
This statement will give people a feeling of insincerity or "joking"
Go to sleep. Therefore, the harmony between verbal behavior and nonverbal behavior should be maintained in communication.
Consistency is crucial.
5. Avoid conflicts and maintain harmony
1. Use "public * * * signal library"
The so-called "public signal library" is the knowledge and experience of both sides.
Cross-overlapping within the scope. Only such signals are in stock,
Only what the sender wants to deliver can be correctly accepted.
For example, the gesture "V" can correctly convey the meaning of "victory" through communication.
Both sides are based on this prior information.
2. Use context correctly
Context determines the meaning of conversation. Conversations always take place in
In a certain time, place and specific cultural background, discourse was born.
To a great extent, success and understanding are based on the communicator's cognition of context.
Understanding and decision. Context includes nonverbal context, linguistic context and
Cognitive context. Non-verbal context includes communication occasions and the bodies of both parties.
Part, status, relationship and social and cultural background.
Linguistic context and cognitive context refer to the preface, language and process of conversation.
And the speaker's comprehensive analysis of many factors affecting the communication effect,
The ability to judge. Due to the different background experiences of individual communicators,
It will inevitably make the sender and receiver of information cognitive and decoding ability.
Differences will eventually lead to differences in cognitive and understanding abilities between the two sides.
Sex and imbalance.
We should correctly interpret and understand specific content in a specific context.
Meaning, we must look at the elements of context comprehensively. If we say that language communication is internal,
If ability becomes ambiguous because of different contexts, then it is not a language.
Speech act is generally an expression of emotion or emotion, which can be rich and accurate.
Accurately express the psychological activities of communicators. At the same time, in terms of efficiency,
The former cannot be compared with the latter. In different backgrounds, right?
The decoding of nonverbal signals can realize the perfect fusion of emotion and scene. each
No nonverbal behavior is isolated, and not all of them are.
Consciously want to convey a message. Because nonverbal communication usually
It is unpredictable and difficult to detect, and at the same time it runs through the whole communication.
In the process. Nonverbal communication can best reflect a person's true state.
Degree, psychological activities and values. Therefore, there are only two parties to the dialogue.
The unified construction and grasp of context makes discourse and context organically combined.
Only by dealing with each other can communication be effective and smooth. Correct interests
Using context can avoid the conflict between verbal behavior and nonverbal behavior.
Another important premise.
It should be noted that non-language should be recognized in cross-cultural communication.
Behavioral information should be strictly guarded against patterning or only looking at superficial phenomena. exclude
The interference caused by cultural differences in nonverbal communication can be exhausted.
Try to avoid conflicts and achieve harmonious communication between verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
3. Correct understanding of nonverbal signals
Successful communication is far from just relying on the grasp of context.
That's enough. In the communicative function of nonverbal behavior, its accompanying and coordinating role
The function of assisting language expression is particularly important. Non-language line and language line
In many cases, harmony is unconscious.
In other words, nonverbal behaviors that accompany verbal behaviors are very important.
Mostly habitual. Therefore, the correct decoding of nonverbal signals
It is very important to understand the deep meaning of language expression.
It is an important guarantee for correct speech understanding.
On some occasions, communicators need to use some consciously.
Non-verbal behavior is in harmony with language, so that both sides can take advantage of it.
Some nonverbal behaviors determine whether the information conveyed by language behaviors is positive or not.
That's true. Because nonverbal behaviors related to verbal behaviors usually don't
Only one, if a nonverbal behavior deviates from language.
The principle of maintaining harmony, the other party may be interested in what they receive.
This message expresses confusion. Therefore, keep verbal behavior and nonverbal.
The harmony between speech and behavior should also ensure that every nonverbal behavior is transmitted.
Information does not conflict with each other.
4. Avoid cultural conflicts
Nonverbal behavior, like verbal behavior, is in many aspects.
There are obvious cultural differences. People of the same country or nationality
Non-verbal communication behavior is not exactly the same, even in the same area,
People of different occupations, ages and educational levels.
Sometimes, nonverbal behavior is very different. In a culture,
The semantic orientation of nonverbal behavior accompanying linguistic behavior is harmony.
Harmony, but in another culture, the semantic orientation of the two is different.
There may be conflicts. Lack of understanding of other cultures can lead to misunderstanding.
Deviation of nonverbal behavior understanding. For example, people in China say
I am used to patting my stomach with my hands when I am full. here
"Pat the belly" means "full", which is the interpretation of China culture;
In American culture, it means that a hand is "full".
His throat, fingers open, palms down, meaning "here we are."
Here t ""']
It is worth noting that nonverbal behavior is more different than verbal behavior.
Cultural conflicts caused by behavioral differences are more serious. Nonverbal line
Behavior, like language behavior, is also the carrier of culture. Culture and non-culture
Verbal communication is also inseparable, and nonverbal behavior can be regarded as trust.
The means of information transmission is also a product of culture and a product of a certain society.
The same habits and different cultures produce different codes of conduct. Nonverbal
The formation of speech acts is often determined by a certain cultural environment.
In cross-cultural communication, different cultures' cognition of conflict information depends on.
In the information input of the other party's language, nonverbal behavior and culture
Familiarity. Therefore, cultural differences lead to cultural misunderstandings and conflicts.
The main cause of the outbreak. The subject of cultural differences in nonverbal communication
Now the following aspects:
First of all, different cultures, nonverbal communication behaviors and means are
Don't. The same information will have different languages in different cultures.
Behavior and means of verbal communication. In most countries in the world
Home and region, people nod their heads in affirmation, while in some parts of Africa.
Countries, people shake their heads in agreement.
Second, different cultures have different nonverbal communication behaviors and means.
Same. Some gestures or actions can be used in many countries or regions.
Use, so the message is basically the same. But in cross-cultural communication,
When using these gestures, we must first understand their meanings accurately and pay attention to them.
Means the occasion of its use.
Third, cultural differences, nonverbal communication behaviors and means.
Same. Some nonverbal communication means or behaviors are in different cultures.
There are different uses in. There are still heights in some places.
Sex is only used in certain cultural or linguistic fields. For example:
China and westerners have different understandings of intimacy distance.
In some western countries, people clap, hug and kiss each other.
Cheeks are very common things, but in China, they are generally not used.
Species contact behavior.
We should solve the cultural conflict of nonverbal communication in cross-cultural communication.
The problem is to understand the meaning of nonverbal behavior in other cultures.
Keep in mind three principles: first, pay attention to some non-verbal behavior.
We should not forget that in actual communication, there are often many kinds of nonverbal lines.
In order to cooperate with the action at the same time. Second, no one can list and describe it.
Draw all the nonverbal behaviors of each culture. But, if I
Students correctly understand some common nonverbal phenomena in cross-cultural communication environment
The information of speech and behavior can give an overview of the information needed.
Closed understanding. Third, we must first understand the right and wrong of our own culture.
Only through verbal behavior can we understand the nonverbal behavior of other cultures. I am 1
Therefore, it is necessary to realize verbal communication and non-verbal communication.
For the sake of harmony, we should pay full attention to cultural conflicts in nonverbal communication.
The key to the success or failure of cross-cultural communication lies in the correct treatment of culture.
Difference. The foundation of cross-cultural communication research lies in cultural comparative research.
Look into it. Through cultural comparison, the similarities between different cultures are revealed.
And possible misunderstandings and conflicts in communication.
In addition to cultural interference, achieve smooth and successful cross-cultural communication. therefore
To achieve this goal, we must first learn to eliminate cultural interference.
The correct and decent method. Understand the non-language of the target country
Understand the meaning and characteristics of communicative behavior and means as well as the purpose.
English culture and mother tongue culture: the culture of nonverbal communication behavior and means.
Where differences and cultural conflicts lie. Secondly, we should learn to be correct and appropriate.
Ways to deal with cultural differences and cultural conflicts. Understand the existing language correctly
Non-language in the discourse structure of combining verbal behavior with non-verbal behavior
The meaning and cultural characteristics of speech act. river