Animals in different environments
Classification of animals: According to whether animals have backbones, they can be divided into vertebrates.
Section 1 Animals Living in Water
Fish invertebrates
Body shape: spindle shape
Body surface: scales; Secrete mucus
Body color: white abdomen and dark back (protective color)
Body distribution: head, trunk and tail
Sensory organ: lateral line (sensing water flow, measuring direction)
Motor organs: fin: tail (controlling and maintaining the forward direction), chest and abdomen (maintaining balance)
The tail and trunk (which produce forward power) play a coordinating role as a whole.
Breathing: gill, gill filament (covered with capillaries, conducive to gas exchange) mouth and gill cover alternately open and close.
Adapt to the characteristics of life in water:
Fish can live in water, so it has two important characteristics: one is to swim with fins to get food and defend against enemies, and the other is to breathe in water with gills.
Fish can't live without water because:
Its respiratory organ is gills, and there are many gill filaments in the gills, which can be unfolded when in water, but cannot be unfolded when out of water, and will die if lacking oxygen.
The four major fish are grass carp, herring, silver carp and bighead carp.
Simulation experiment: in the process of scientific research, when it is difficult to do experiments directly with the research object, you can imitate an object to make a model, use the model to do experiments, or imitate certain conditions to do experiments. Such an experiment is called a simulation experiment.
Section 2 Animals Living on Land
Morphological and structural characteristics of terrestrial animals adapted to land environment;
(1) The land climate is relatively dry; Accordingly, animals living on land generally have structures to prevent water loss. For example, reptiles have horny scales or nails, and insects have exoskeletons. [Scales, nails, exoskeleton (to prevent water loss)]
(2) Land animals are not affected by the buoyancy of water, and generally have organs that support their bodies and movements. [with special moving organs]
(3) Except for earthworms and other animals, animals living on land can generally breathe air. Various respiratory organs located in the body, such as trachea and lungs. [Special respiratory organs (except earthworms)]
(4) Animals living on land generally have developed sensory organs and nervous systems, which can respond to the changing environment in time. [developed nervous system and sensory organs]
(2) Earthworms:
Living environment: living in a cave during the day and coming out at night.
Eating habits: garbage, garbage
Exercise: 1 The body is divided into many body segments (flexible movement), and the muscles on the girdle (contraction).
Can drive the bristles to move.
Breathing: Depending on the skin on the body surface (secreting mucus), the mucus dissolves oxygen and enters the capillary of the body wall to reach the earthworm.
(3) rabbits
The body surface is covered with hair (insulated), breathing with lungs, and the heart has 4 cavities; Blood circulation is divided into two ways: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation, which has strong oxygen transport ability, fast decomposition of organic matter, more energy production and constant body temperature.
Feeding habits: plants
Digestion: Teeth have incisors and molars.
Developed cecum: it can store a large amount of fibrous food and adapt to herbivorous life.
Nerve: The nervous system is developed, which regulates body temperature (the brain is developed, and the nerves are all over the body).
Reproduction: viviparous and lactation (high survival rate of offspring)
Exercise: jumping (backward is more developed than front legs)
The main characteristics of mammals:
Body surface coat; Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars; There is a diaphragm in the body cavity; Breathe with the lungs; The heart has four completely separated ventricles; Constant body temperature; Developed brain; Most of them are viviparous and breastfeeding. Diaphragm is a unique feature of mammals. The basic conditions for animals to live on land are: water, adequate food and hiding places.
The difference between warm-blooded animals and warm-blooded animals;
Mammals and birds can keep their body temperature constant by self-regulation. They are all warm-blooded animals. The body temperature of other animals changes with the change of the surrounding environment, belonging to the temperature-changing animals.
Section 3 Animals Flying in the Air
(1) Structural characteristics of birds suitable for flying in the air.
(1) Appearance: streamlined or spindle structure.
(2) Wings: Feathers and wings spread out for flying.
(3): The pectoral muscles are developed.
(4) Light bones and long hollow bones are beneficial to lose weight.
(5) horny beak, toothless, short rectum, which can directly excrete feces.
(6) Breathe once, breathe twice, and breathe twice in the lungs and airbags (assisting the breathing of the lungs).
(7) The heart has four cavities, which enhances the oxygen transport capacity and is beneficial to the decomposition of organic matter. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation are completely separated, and the body temperature is constant, about 42 degrees.
(8) The cerebellum and nervous system are developed.
(9) No bladder, no feces storage and weight loss.
* the characteristics of various animals (some see the end)
(1) Arthropoda includes (Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, Polypoda).
(2) Amphibia: larvae live in water and breathe through gills, while adults live on land and breathe through lungs and skin. Abnormal development, bare skin, can secrete mucus, has the function of assisting breathing, the heart has two atria and one ventricle, and the body temperature is not constant.
(3) coelenterates: they have mouths but no anus (such as anemones, jellyfish and corals)
(4) Mollusca: Mollusca, protected by a shell (such as squid, octopus, scallop, moth snail, etc.). )
(5) Crustacea: It has a hard shell (Daphnia, shrimp, crab).
(6) annelids: the body is composed of annular segments (such as nereis, leeches, earthworms, etc. )
Chapter II Animal Movement and Behavior
Section 1 Animal sports
(1) The motor system of mammals consists of bones (bones and joints) and muscles.
Structure and characteristics of skeletal muscle;
Structure: Tendon: Thin milky white parts at both ends of skeletal muscle.
Abdomen: the thicker part in the middle
Features: No matter what kind of stimulation (including excitement from nerves), muscles will contract, stop stimulation and relax.
Exercise process: Stimulated contraction, when skeletal muscle is stimulated by nerve contraction, it will affect the movement of bones around joints, so the body will exercise.
Structure diagram of joint: as shown above.
Function of articular cartilage: it is elastic and can reduce the friction between bones.
The articular surface consists of articular head, articular fossa and articular cartilage.
Dislocation: the phenomenon that the joint head slides out of the joint socket.
⑷ Coordination of bones, joints and skeletal muscles
Elbow flexion: biceps brachii contraction, triceps brachii relaxation, elbow flexion and extension are completed by both muscle groups.
Elbow extension: the biceps brachii relaxes and the triceps brachii contracts, (in the relaxed state, both hands naturally droop at the same time, and the hand holding the heavy object is contracted at the same time)
5] nervous system adjustment, joints are equivalent to fulcrums.
Section 2 Congenital Behavior and Learning Behavior
Animal behavior includes eating, reproduction, migration and defense.
1, congenital behavior
The natural behavior of animals is determined by their genetic material.
2. Learning behavior:
On the basis of genetic factors, through the role of environmental factors, from life experience and learning behavior.
Distinguish between innate behavior and learning behavior of animals;
Congenital behavior (1): It is the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by their genetic material. For example, bees that collect honey, and hens that have lost their cubs raise kittens.
(2) Learning behavior: It is the behavior obtained from life experience and learning through the role of environmental factors on the basis of genetic factors, which is called learning behavior, such as parroting, counting dogs and monkeys performing tricks.
Section 3 Social Behavior
⑴ Features: Animals with social behaviors often form certain organizations within groups, with clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form hierarchies.
⑵ Information transmission: sound, action, contact and smell.
Communication: the animals in the group send some information to other individuals, and the individuals who receive the information respond to some behaviors. This phenomenon is called communication.
In nature, information flow, energy flow and material flow between organisms are ubiquitous.
Chapter III The Role of Animals in the Biosphere
Section 1 the role of animals in nature
(1) Animals maintain ecological balance.
Ecological balance: The quantity and proportion of all kinds of organisms in the ecosystem are always kept in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.
(2) Animals promote material circulation.
(3) Animals can help pollinate or transfer seeds.
Section 2 Life Relationship between Animals and People
(1) Relationship with people
Edible, ornamental, medicinal materials, clothes, etc.
(2) Bioreactor
Bioreactor-using biology as a "production workshop" to produce some substances needed by human beings, which is a bioreactor. Bioreactors use transgenic technology. Benefits of using bioreactor to produce substances (drugs and nutrients) needed by human beings. (mastery required) If you can give examples, you can distinguish:
Bionics-Inventing and creating various instruments and equipment by imitating some structures and functions of living things. This is the fourth chapter of bionics, widely distributed bacteria and fungi.
Section 1 Distribution of Bacteria and Fungi
1. Colony: Bacteria are very small. If you want to observe the morphology of bacteria, you must use a high-power optical microscope or an electron microscope. Colony is a collection of bacteria or fungi that can be seen by the naked eye after reproduction.
2. List the differences between bacterial and fungal colonies.
Size, shape and color
Bacterial colonies are very small.
Smooth and sticky or rough and dry.
White or yellow?
Fungal colonies are very large.
Fluffy, flocculent or spider-like
Red, brown, green, black and yellow.
3. Basic conditions for the survival of bacteria and fungi: nutrients, suitable temperature, moisture and living space.
4. Different bacteria and fungi also need certain conditions. For example, some bacteria and fungi need oxygen to survive, while others don't. For example, yeast fermentation does not need oxygen, it is anaerobic breathing, and lactic acid bacteria do not need oxygen to produce milk.
The second quarter bacteria
(1) bacteria are made by Levin? Hook found it.
⑵ The experiment of "Goose Neck Bottle" was carried out in Pasteur, France, which confirmed the production of bacteria.
⑶ Bacteria are very small, 65.438+0 billion bacteria are piled up, only one grain of rice is big and single cell. (The virus is smaller than it)
⑷ Shape: spherical, rod-shaped and spiral.
[5] Structure of bacteria: as shown below (from outside to inside)
Bacteria are also a kind of cell. It is different from the cells of animals and plants, the main difference is that although it has a DNA concentration area, it has no formed nucleus. In addition, bacteria have a cell wall (some bacteria have a capsule outside the cell wall, and some bacteria have flagella), but there is no chloroplast. Most bacteria can only survive by using ready-made organic matter and decomposing it into simple inorganic matter. They are decomposers in the ecosystem.
[5] bacterial reproduction
Bacteria reproduce by division, which happens every 20-30 minutes. In the later stage of growth and development, some bacteria contract, their cell walls thicken and form spores. Spore is a dormant body of bacteria and has strong resistance to adverse environment.
[6] Comparison of animal, plant and bacterial cells
Comparison of animals, plants and bacteria
Cell walls are nothing.
There is something in the cell membrane.
There is something in the cytoplasm.
With or without nuclei, only unformed nuclei.
Chloroplast presence or absence
Flagella deficiency
Capsules are nothing.
(7) Nutritional model (heterotrophic): saprophytic and parasitic (feeding on ready-made organic matter)
[8] Function
Promote the material circulation of nature as a decomposer.
The third quarter fungi (yeast, mushrooms, mold)
First of all, yeast
⑴ shape: (single cell) oval, colorless.
⑵ Structure: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, vacuole, no chloroplast.
⑶ Nutritional mode: heterotrophic (saprophytic)
Aerobic respiration: glucose, carbon dioxide, water and energy (multiple)
Anaerobic respiration: glucose and alcohol (more)+carbon dioxide+energy (less)
(4) Propagation mode: bud propagation, spore propagation under special circumstances.
Second, mold (Penicillium, Aspergillus)
(1) morphology: (multicellular)
⑵ Structure: Penicillium: upright mycelium, and sporangium at the top of vegetative mycelium: broom-shaped.
Aspergillus: upright hypha, vegetative hypha top sporangium: radial.
(3) reproduction: spore reproduction
⑷ Nutritional mode: heterotrophic (saprophytic)
As shown in the following figure
Third, mushrooms
⑴ Structure: The cap and stalk are also called fruiting bodies, folds and hyphae.
⑵ Nutritional mode: heterotrophic (saprophytic)
(3) reproduction: spore reproduction
(4) Living environment: dark and humid, rich in organic matter and warm.
Structure diagram of edible fungi:
Chapter V Functions of Bacteria and Fungi in Biosphere
Section 1 the role of bacteria and fungi in nature
(1) participates in the material cycle as a decomposer.
(2) make a vegetative person sick.
Beriberi has nothing to do with fungi (caused by vitamin B deficiency).
⑶ Lichen
* * * Health: Bacteria, fungi and plants are symbiotic, interdependent and mutually beneficial. Once separated, they can't live independently.
And plants: rhizobia and leguminous plants, gastrodia elata is the living body of Armillaria mellea and plants.
Animals: Some bacteria in rabbits, cows and sheep help break down vitamins.
With people: some bacteria in the human intestine can produce vitamin B 12 and vitamin K, which is beneficial to the body.
Section 2: Human Action on Bacteria and Fungi
I. (1) Grain production
(2) Preserve food
Pasteur disinfection method
Tank storage method
Dehydration method
Pickling method
Vacuum packaging method
Sun fumigation
penetration process
Refrigeration and freezing method
⑶ Antibiotics for prevention and treatment (secreted by fungi) were found.
Antibiotics: Some fungi can produce substances that kill some pathogenic bacteria. These substances are called antibiotics.
(4) Methanobacteria methane for environmental protection
Second, the nutritional model of mold and mushroom: using ready-made organic matter to obtain the material and energy needed for life activities.
The difference between bacteria and fungi:
Bacteria: the individual is tiny, and there is no forming nucleus in the body.
Reproduce offspring by division
There are no chloroplasts in the cells.
Fungi: There are both small species and large species. There are real nuclei in cells, which can produce spores, which can develop into new individuals.
Third, the role of bacteria and fungi in the material cycle.
① Participate in the material cycle as decomposers: bacteria and fungi decompose animal and plant remains into CO2, water and inorganic salts.
② Causes diseases of animals, plants and people.
③ Symbiosis with animals and plants: lichen (symbiosis with fungi and algae).
Nodules (rhizobia and plants)
Sixth unit
1. According to the external morphological structure, internal morphological structure and physiological function of plants.
The main groups of plants: algae, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
The main groups of animals: protozoa, coelenterates, flatworms, linear animals, annelids, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
The main classification basis of angiosperms is: flowers, fruits and seeds.
Secondly, according to the similarity between organisms, organisms are divided into different levels of classification units, from large to small, namely, realm, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. The basic unit is a kind of. When using the classification method, the larger the classification unit, the more biological species it contains, and the smaller the similarity between species; The smaller the taxon, the less biological species it contains, and the greater the similarity between species.
Linnaeus nomenclature includes: 1, common name 2 and special modifiers.
Three, the connotation of biodiversity includes three levels:
1, biodiversity
China is the country with the richest gymnosperms, which is called "the hometown of gymnosperms". Bryophytes, ferns and seed plants in China rank third in the world, and fish, amphibians and mammals also rank among the top in the world.
2. Genetic diversity
Planting hybrid rice in Yuan Longping is the application of genetic diversity.
3. Diversity of ecosystems.
Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, wetland ecosystem,,,, etc.
4. Nature reserve-refers to the division of land or water bodies in a certain area, including protected objects, and this area is a nature reserve. It has the characteristics of natural gene bank, natural laboratory and living natural museum.
Protecting the living environment of organisms and the diversity of ecosystems is the fundamental measure to protect biodiversity, and establishing nature reserves is the most effective measure to protect biodiversity.
5. Endangered animals in China: aquatic invertebrates: red coral nautilus;
Fish: Chinese sturgeon and Chinese sturgeon.
Terrestrial invertebrates: Papilio Papilio
Reptiles: Crocodiles with clear Yangtze jaws.
Mammals: giant panda, golden monkey, baiji, Tibetan antelope, elk, Asian elephant, South China tiger, white-headed langur, etc.
Endangered plants in China: Davidia involucrata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Alsophila spinulosa, Davidia involucrata, etc.
* the characteristics of various animals:
(1) Insects: The body can be divided into head (antenna), chest (3 pairs of feet and 2 pairs of wings) and abdomen (trachea).
(2) Mammalian phylum: the hair on the body surface, the teeth are divided into phylum, dog and molar, and there is a diaphragm in the body cavity, which breathes with the lungs; The heart has four chambers, the body temperature is constant, the brain is developed, and the fetus is breastfeeding.
(3) Birds: Beaks are toothless, feathered, forelimbs are winged, bones are hollow, full of gas, and the heart is 4 cavities, breathing with the lungs, assisted by airbags, with constant body temperature and egg-laying reproduction.
(5) Arthropods: The body has many segments, including exoskeleton, feet and tentacles. (Arthropoda includes Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, Polypoda)
(6) Amphibia: larvae live in water and breathe through gills, while adults live on land and breathe through lungs and skin. Abnormal development, bare skin, can secrete mucus, has the function of assisting breathing, the heart has two atria and one ventricle, and the body temperature is not constant.
(7) coelenterates: they have mouths but no anus (such as anemones, jellyfish and corals)
(8) Mollusca: Mollusca, protected by a shell (such as squid, octopus, scallop, moth snail, etc.). )
(9) Crustacea: hard shell (Daphnia, shrimp, crab).
(10) annelids: The body is composed of annular segments (such as nereis, leeches, earthworms, etc.). ).