The title is the eye of the article. The titles of various articles have many styles, but no matter what form, they always reflect the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graduation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub-title and sub-title.

(1) general title

The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are:

(1) reveals the essence of the theme. This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. Such titles are many and common. For example, on economic system model, on economic center, and my opinion on the reform of county-level administrative institutions.

2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think. This form of title is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. For example, "Is the family contract system a single job?" Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy? "and so on.

(2) explain the scope of content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers, so as to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common. For example, the two-tier management system in rural areas of China, correctly handling the relationship between the central government and local governments, and the analysis of post-war western trade liberalization, etc.

4. Use judgment sentences. This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad. This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. For example, we can see the light of hope in rural China from the rise of township enterprises, scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy, and see the essence of beauty from the perspective of creating beauty through labor.

⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as inspiring management system, dawn in the history of science and technology, and shining theory.

There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice.

(2) Subtitles and Subtitles

In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title can be supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled. In particular, some argumentative papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle such as "discussing with XX" under the general title.

In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added. For example, how to look at the current labor remuneration difference-also talk about the bourgeois rights in distribution according to work, develop protein resources and improve the utilization efficiency of protein-and explore a development strategy to solve the problem of eating.

The main purpose of setting the subtitle is to clearly show the level of the article. Some use words, which generally express the central content of this level; Some also use numbers, which only indicate the order of "one, two, three", and play the role of connecting the preceding with the following. It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it is closely related to the content of the hierarchy and the close relationship between the upper and lower levels.

There are three requirements for the topic: first, it must be clear. It is necessary to reveal the scope or argument of the topic, so that people can know the general outline of the article, the main content of the discussion and the author's writing intention after reading the topic, instead of specious, hiding the head and revealing the tail, and playing hide-and-seek with readers. Second, be concise. The topic of the paper should not be too long. If it is too long, it will make people feel cumbersome and cumbersome, and they will not get a clear impression, thus affecting the overall evaluation of the article. Don't be too abstract and empty, and don't use very useful or invented words in the title, so as not to make readers feel like a sea of smoke when they see the title, and they can only understand it after reading the text completely. Third, it must be novel. The title, like the content and form of the article, should have its own uniqueness. Not unconventional, unconventional, fascinating and pleasing to the eye, thus arousing readers' interest in reading.

Second, the directory

Generally speaking, long graduation thesis has no subtitle. Papers with subheadings generally have a table of contents because of their multi-level content and complex theoretical system.

The main purpose of establishing a directory is:

1. Let readers have a general understanding of the content and structure of the full text before reading this article, so that readers can decide whether to read it, whether to read it intensively or skim it.

2. It is convenient for readers to choose a sub-argument in the text. A long paper has many sub-arguments besides the central argument. When readers need to know more about a sub-argument, they can rely on the table of contents to save time.

The table of contents is usually placed in front of the text of the paper, so it is the guide map of the paper. In order to make the table of contents really play the role of guide map, we must pay attention to:

1. Exactly. The content must be consistent with the outline of the full text. In other words, the title, subtitle and content of this paper are one-to-one correspondence.

2. Clear and correct. The table of contents should be marked with the page number of the table of contents one by one in the text. Page numbers must be clear and correct.

3. complete. Because the table of contents is the guide map of the paper, it must be complete. In other words, all the contents of the article should be reflected in the catalogue and must not be omitted.

There are two basic types of directories:

1. Text directory.

2. Digital catalogue. This kind of catalogue is rare. However, it is easy for readers to read long speeches, and some of them use this method.

Three. Platform for action

Abstract is the epitome of the full text. Here, the author outlines the overall appearance of the full text with extremely economical pen and ink; Put forward the main arguments, reveal the research results of the paper, and briefly describe the framework of the full text.

Abstract is an accessory part of the text, usually placed at the beginning of the paper.

The purpose of writing the executive summary is to:

1. In order to make the instructor have a general understanding of the main contents of the article before reviewing the full text of the paper, and know the main results and main logical order of the research.

2. In order to make other readers have a general understanding of the problems studied by the author by reading the executive summary, if there is a curse, they should read the full text further. Here, the abstract has become an "advertisement" to recommend papers to many readers.

Therefore, it is necessary to prompt the main points of the paper so that readers can understand the main points of the paper at a glance. The abstract of the paper should be concise and comprehensive, and should not be too verbose to grasp the main points or just a few dry ribs, lacking materials to explain the views.

Executive summary can be divided into reportable summary and indicative summary.

The report summary mainly introduces the main methods and results of the study and the analysis of the results, and gives a comprehensive hint to the content of the article.

Indicative summary only briefly describes the research results (data, opinions, opinions, conclusions, etc.). ), and does not involve research means, methods, processes, etc. Graduation thesis generally adopts indicative abstract. Examples are as follows:

● The government under the condition of market economy must, of course, obey the overall planning and deployment of the higher authorities, but its main energy should be focused on being responsible for the lower authorities, the local economic development and the improvement of the living standards of the local people. This is the premise of developing the overall economy, which naturally conforms to being responsible to the upper level.

● Changing departments to "grasp * * * and manage" enterprises to serve enterprises should be the main focus of departmental work. (Excerpted from Government in Market Economy)

How to locate ")

The writing requirements of English can be summarized as "completeness, accuracy, conciseness, truthfulness and vividness". Specifically:

1. The content summary should be complete. That is, the main contents (or viewpoints) expounded in the paper cannot be omitted. It should be written as a complete paper and can be used independently.

2. Focus should be highlighted. The research results (or central arguments) and the content of conclusive significance of the paper should be highlighted, and other items can be written concisely.

3. Use words concisely. Writing should be carefully worded and expressed in concise and general language, and it is not appropriate to demonstrate every content.

4. The statement should be objective. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to write only the objective situation of the research, make a subjective evaluation of the work process, methods and research results, and make a comparative explanation with other people's research. The value of a research achievement has its own public opinion, and there is no need to advertise itself. Therefore, seeking truth from facts is also the basic principle of writing abstract.

5. The language should be vivid. Writing should be concise, vivid and fascinating, and literary color should be reflected as much as possible in terms of text polishing, expression and structure, so as to arouse readers' desire to read the text.

Fourth, the text.

The text includes introduction, theory and conclusion. This is the most important part of the graduation thesis, which is discussed in detail in other chapters, so I won't repeat it here.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) reference

References, also called bibliography, refer to the books, newspapers and periodicals consulted by the author in the process of writing his graduation thesis, which should be listed at the end of the graduation thesis. There are three advantages to listing references: first, when the author himself finds that there is an error in the quotation, it is easy to find and correct it. Second, teachers of graduation thesis defense committee can know the breadth of students' reading materials as a reference for graduation thesis review. Third, it is convenient for readers who study similar problems to consult relevant viewpoints and materials.

Of course, the references listed in this article must be major monographs, papers and other materials that are closely related to this article and have played an important reference role in writing my graduation thesis. Don't make too many lists, no matter how light or heavy.

The listed references should generally clearly indicate the title of the book or article, author, publisher and publication year.

Writing methods of junior high school political papers

I. Existing Problems and Countermeasures

1 missing new ". Mainly manifested in the idea is not new, the idea is not new, the material is not new, the information of the times can not be written, and there is no independent opinion of its own, which makes the small paper look "general", without characteristics and lack of new ideas. Therefore, we should pay attention to the new idea of 1. Where do new ideas come from? From the torrent of the times, from real life. Therefore, we should make a serious investigation and in-depth analysis based on some new situations and problems arising from the reform and opening up in real life.

Need new ideas. The angle of the article should be novel and unconventional. Don't copy others' words, avoid the "platitudes" approach, and try to give people new enlightenment with your own unique opinions. For example, spring outing is a group activity that many students have participated in. Spring outing essays are generally praise for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland and the great achievements of reform and opening up. For example, from a new angle, the author makes an in-depth investigation and analyzes the source of money and why he spends so much money. This paper probes into the essence of the problem from the superficial phenomenon, and puts forward how to put an end to the extravagance in the new situation and let the traditional virtue of thrift be inherited and carried forward by the younger generation. This view is unique and can give people new enlightenment.

3 the materials should be new. The materials used in the article should be selected from recent social phenomena. In particular, people pay attention to hot issues, hot topics or new materials that can cause people to think, but are not easily concerned by people.

2 lack of essence. "The main manifestations are: too many materials are selected, and the papers are getting longer and longer, which runs counter to the requirements of' short and pithy'. In this regard, it should be noted that

1 The topic of the paper should be small and specific. Some students' thesis topics are too big, such as "Integrating Theory with Practice", "On Economic System Reform" and "On the Value of Life". The level of students is limited, the topics are too big, and there are too many materials to choose. If the article is too long, it will be empty if it is written less, and it will be difficult to explain the problem and meet the requirements of small papers. So the topic should not be too big, just pick one. For example, the "bitter medicine" and "refuting the three major movements of Meng Mu" should focus on the big picture, start from the small, and strive to see the big picture from the small.

Two votes should be accurate. To write a short paper, you must have rich and true materials. But so many materials can't be moved up. Otherwise, one material is connected with another, just like keeping a running account, which is long and boring. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with these rich and conclusive materials. The selected materials should closely follow the viewpoint of the article, be representative, typical and vivid, so as to write a good article.

The words used in the article should be concise, and the essay writing should be serious and not sloppy. Every sentence in the article should be theme-oriented, not rambling, irrelevant or even off topic above Wan Li. Many students, after writing the first draft, feel relieved, throw it aside without reading or modifying it, copy it down and give it to the teacher, or make up a short story to make up a certain number of words. The quality of such a small paper is definitely not high. To this end, after writing the first draft, you should read it several times, revise it repeatedly, scrutinize it carefully, delete redundant words and correct wrong sentences.

3 owed. " Things are out of touch, that is, there is no connection between factual materials and theories, and it is impossible to have a proper discussion. Writing a small paper requires one thing, one discussion, one arrangement and one blending. Clear hierarchy and powerful explanation. The so-called "things" are facts and examples; The so-called "reason" refers to the basic principles of philosophy, politics and economics. Generally speaking, we should overcome the following three problems.

1 emphasize "facts" over "theory". Some students plunged into the pile of examples when writing small papers, and the whole article listed many examples and materials like a running account. From war heroes Huang Jiguang, Qiu and Dong Cunrui to uncle Lei Feng who serves the people wholeheartedly ... sometimes it looks vivid, but the article lacks basic theoretical analysis and loses the characteristics of small papers, which makes people read aimlessly and even unintelligible, giving people a feeling of boasting and being empty. To this end, it is necessary to extract the essence from the mastered materials, analyze them from the outside to the inside, select typical cases, and make the truth of the cases clear, so that the theme of the essay is clear and enlightening.

Some students think that since it is a small paper, it always seems that the stronger the theory, the better. This article is full of allusions. There are many reasons, but there are few examples to prove it, so that from theory to theory, it is endless empty talk, and the article lacks explanatory power. In this regard, we should understand that facts speak louder than words, and choose convincing examples to let the facts speak, which will receive unexpected results.

Both theory and examples come from childbirth, and it is impossible to integrate things. The integration of fact and fact refers to the organic connection between theory and fact. Putting facts and reasoning can accurately apply the basic principles of Marxism and properly analyze the problems encountered in study, work and life. When students write small papers, there is a common problem: first write a theory, and then add an example in a formulaic way; Or write an example first, and then come to a routine theory, just like water and oil mixed together, "grading." Can't do things in harmony. In order to overcome this problem, we should pay attention to the unity of things, lead to truth through examples, or analyze examples with reason, not just telling examples or reasoning. A good essay should not only have vivid examples, but also have the author's own views. It should make sense when stating facts, infiltrate reasoning when stating facts, combine narration with discussion, and achieve the integration of facts and reasons.

Second, some experiences in writing political papers 1 Love life. Love is the best teacher. A person who loves life and downplays it can't write fascinating articles when a monk knocks at the door every day. Loving life means asking students to care about China's reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and to find the source of life and creation from the fiery social life. You can't be cynical all day, blame others, complain about the untimely life, and look at the society with a mirror. This is not only a question of life attitude, but also a very important position, which is directly related to intention. Life without ambition, low level of thought, low intention. What's the use of rhetoric if the idea is not high and correct? In today's era, we should praise the main theme of society, of course, not to say that we can't touch individual ugly phenomena. We should learn to absorb materials from social life and fully possess them. You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear. Materials are not only the basis of forming opinions, but also the pillar of expressing opinions. With the reform, opening up and modernization, rich and colorful social life contains incomparably rich mineral resources of writing materials, which is an inexhaustible source of small thesis writing. Of course, it is not that the more materials, the more popular they are, but it is absolutely impossible to write a convincing composition without materials.

Be a conscientious person in life and be good at extracting themes from life. "put your heart first" and "pay attention to learning everywhere" Living in the same school, some students wrote, and some students couldn't. A very important reason is the lack of observation, feeling and thinking. Any insightful political paper, from topic selection, theme establishment to article writing, is based on a deep understanding of real life, calm analysis, careful argumentation and correct conception. Only by going deep into the depths of life and observing and experiencing with your heart can you achieve what you see and know. In particular, we should be good at feeling things that others can't feel, so as to achieve "no one has me, and people have me new." The deeper and more unique a person's feelings are, the more distinctive the personality of the essay is and the higher its value is. Beginners should start with familiar things around them, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, choose writing materials from the places with the richest life foundation, and choose materials according to the needs of expressing and demonstrating the theme. Only by choosing authentic and accurate materials, materials that are typical, novel, vivid, can profoundly remind the essence of things, have broad representation and strong explanatory power, can we grasp the pulse of the times in time. Prevent the phenomenon of listing facts and piling up materials. Enlightenment from Hometown Changes, which won the first prize in the National Essay Contest of "Knowing the Country and Love China", was inspired by the author's in-depth investigation and understanding of the changes in his hometown. The author didn't stop at his simple feelings for his hometown, but dug deep to find the foundation of change, keenly discovered the problems existing in rural areas of developing countries, and raised his love for his hometown to his love for the socialist motherland and the party's policy of enriching the people. Another article, Zou Yun, you are so lucky, was written by the young author after observing a group of touching scenes in the 2008 Spring Festival Evening. It can be seen that the little author is indeed a conscientious person in life, and he is very good at capturing the moments in life and sublimating them to make them eternal. There are many small papers that examine family, school and social life from the unique perspective of "I", highlighting the word "small" to see the big.

How to write a structured abstract of a paper

[Keywords:] Abstract structure

Health News: Editorial Department of China Spine and Spinal Cord Magazine

At present, the abstracts of sci-tech periodicals are required to be written in the form of structured abstracts, that is, the purpose, method, result and conclusion are clearly written. In view of the shortcomings of some authors in abstract writing, the following is a detailed explanation of abstract writing for reference when writing.

Objective: Briefly introduce the research background or purpose, summarize it in one or two sentences, and don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic.

Methods: Briefly describe the principles, conditions, materials, subjects and methods used in the study, and explain whether there are any controls, cases or experimental times.

Results: The results and data of experiments and research, as well as the obtained data, need to be statistically processed.

Conclusion: Analyze, compare, evaluate and apply the results, and explain what inspirations or problems and prospects are put forward.

Problems that should be paid attention to in writing abstract: ① objectively and truly reflect the research or work done, without the author's subjective opinions, explanations or comments; (2) Focus on the new content and the author's special viewpoint; (3) exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject; (4) In third-person writing, narrative methods such as "research", "reporting the current situation" and "conducting investigation" should be adopted instead of "this article", "we" and "author". ⑤ Use standardized terms (including place names, organization names and names); ⑥ Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes should be given in Chinese and English when they first appear, unless the readers of this major can clearly understand them; ⑦ The legal units of measurement promulgated by the state should be adopted; Pay attention to the correct use of simplified words and punctuation.