China is a big country with abundant resources, but the shortage of water and energy greatly restricts the development of experience economy in China. In addition, water-saving irrigation technology is not only to save water, but also to respond to the concept of "environmental protection" advocated by the current society and meet the needs of developing modern agriculture. Therefore, water-saving irrigation technology is particularly important. In recent years, the state has intensified the construction of agricultural infrastructure, increased policy support for irrigation and water conservancy projects, continued to promote the basic construction of irrigation and water conservancy projects, made great efforts to serve agriculture, rural areas and farmers and improve people's livelihood, and given great support to irrigation and water conservancy projects in terms of resources and funds, which has better met the needs of water conservancy construction. The distribution of water resources is uneven, and the present situation of drought and water shortage is still grim.
Water-saving irrigation is an advanced irrigation method with high technology content and strict technical requirements. It is necessary to have a practical, scientific and reasonable development plan, a rigorous and realistic work attitude and effective work measures to ensure the quality of engineering construction and achieve good benefits.
1 Strengthen the construction of water conservancy infrastructure
Fully consider the overall planning of water resources, and combine the nature of regional land use and existing infrastructure conditions to make the layout of pipe network more reasonable and perfect. Reasonable layout, gradual improvement, and realize the sustainable development of regional resources. Make full use of topographical conditions, and reduce the amount of fill and excavation as much as possible on the premise of meeting engineering technical standards. Try to use local building materials to reduce the project cost.
1. 1 Principles to be observed in the implementation of capital construction projects: strictly follow the construction project procedures, make overall arrangements for all work, and try to avoid waste caused by uncoordinated work; Do a good job in quality during construction to ensure the quality of each stage and process of the project and meet the standards stipulated by the state; Engineering construction must be carried out in strict accordance with the design requirements and the specified scheme, and no one may change it. If there is any problem, it needs to be negotiated with the design unit, and the design unit will issue a "change notice" to solve it; Investment control focuses on design and preliminary work. In the process of implementation, quality control and time limit control should be organically combined to achieve harmony and unity.
1.2 water-saving irrigation engineering measures. Carry out project construction according to the requirements of "three systems", strictly manage, carefully organize and implement, and strictly control the quality of the project. The main points are as follows: (1) resolutely follow the water conservancy capital construction procedures, implement new mechanisms such as project legal person responsibility system, bidding system, construction supervision system and project quality lifelong system, and openly, fairly and fairly select enterprises with strong technical strength and high reputation to undertake water-saving irrigation projects; (2) Pay special attention to the construction quality supervision and implement the post responsibility system; (3) Pay special attention to the quality inspection and acceptance of building materials and construction quality, strictly supervise and master all links in the construction process to ensure the engineering quality meets the design requirements.
2 Water-saving irrigation technology for water conservancy projects
Water-saving irrigation is timely irrigation according to the water demand mechanism of crop growth and development to minimize all kinds of water loss. It mainly includes three aspects: engineering water saving measures, agricultural water saving measures and management water saving measures.
Commonly used agricultural water-saving measures mainly include: drought-resistant and water-saving varieties screening, straw mulching, plastic film mulching cultivation, field crop interplanting, rolling mulching, less tillage and seed exemption, industrial structure adjustment, use of drought-resistant water-retaining agent, water-retaining agent and other chemicals.
The main water-saving irrigation technologies currently adopted in China include water-saving engineering technology, water-saving agriculture technology and water-saving management technology. The main water-saving engineering measures are: canal seepage control technology, low-pressure pipeline irrigation technology, micro-spraying technology and various surface irrigation improvement technologies.
2. 1 canal seepage control technology: canal is the main means of water delivery in most irrigation areas, and canal seepage control lining is the main measure to improve the utilization rate of canal. The anti-seepage effect of the canal depends largely on the lining material. At present, rigid materials, soil materials and plastic film materials are widely used in various countries. Among them, rigid materials (especially concrete) are the main ones. At present, the lining material is gradually developing from single material to composite material, and the section form is developing from trapezoidal arc section.
2.2 Low-pressure pipeline irrigation technology: Irrigation channelization has become a common development trend in all countries because of its high water delivery efficiency, small land occupation and easy management. In the development of pipe fittings, China has developed a number of new pipes with good water transmission performance and excellent mechanical properties. In the aspect of engineering planning, the system engineering theory is applied to optimize the design, which makes the engineering construction more reasonable and optimized.
2.3 Sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation technology: Due to the shortage of fresh water resources worldwide, countries attach great importance to the research and promotion of sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation technology with the most water-saving effect. The research on sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation technology in China began in the fifties and sixties, and really began after the seventies. From 65438 to 0970, the state listed sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation technology as key research projects, and organized water conservancy, agricultural machinery and agricultural departments to jointly tackle key problems. From 65438 to 0978, the state included it in the capital construction plan of farmland water conservancy, which effectively promoted the rapid development of sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation technology.
2.4 Surface irrigation improvement technology: The most representative research can be summarized as the following water-saving agricultural technologies: surge irrigation, surface wet irrigation, negative pressure difference irrigation and film irrigation. The United States, Israel and other countries use irrigation systems to supply water and nutrients to crops simultaneously, which promotes the development of crops and improves the utilization rate of water charges. The United States and the former Soviet Union put forward many effective technical measures to regulate farmland water use, give full play to natural resources such as water, light and heat, and improve farmland productivity and water use efficiency.
2.5 drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is to use plastic pipes to send water to the roots of crops through orifices or drippers on capillaries with a diameter of about 10mm for local irrigation. It is the most effective water-saving irrigation method in arid and water-deficient areas at present, and the water utilization rate can reach 95%. Drip irrigation is more effective than sprinkler irrigation in saving water and increasing yield, and can be combined with fertilization to improve fertilizer efficiency by more than one time. It can be used for irrigation of fruit trees, vegetables, cash crops and greenhouses, and can also be used for irrigation of field crops in arid and water-deficient areas. Its disadvantage is that the emitter is easy to scale and block, so the water source should be strictly filtered. At present, domestic equipment has basically reached the standard, and areas with conditions should actively develop drip irrigation. The semi-fixed and mobile drip irrigation systems developed in combination with the specific situation of large labor force and lack of funds in China have greatly reduced the project cost and created conditions for the popularization and application of drip irrigation in field crops and economically underdeveloped areas.
From the international general trend, the focus of agricultural water-saving development has shifted from water-saving in water conveyance process and water-saving in field irrigation process to biological water-saving, precise control of crop water use and scientific management of water-saving system, and attached importance to the close combination of agricultural water-saving and ecological environment protection, which also represents the development trend and direction of modern water-saving agricultural technology.
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China is a big country with water resources. There are great differences in natural conditions, economic development level and crop types in different regions, and the demand for water conservancy is also different. At the same time, China is also a populous country, and the rural population accounts for the majority of the national population. The supply of farmland water conservancy is related to rural social stability and national food security. The reasons for the shortage of groundwater resources in China are, on the one hand, the sharp increase of water demand, on the other hand, the unreasonable development and utilization of groundwater resources and serious waste. Economic construction and urban development should be adapted to water resources conditions, but in many cases, excessive emphasis on demand and neglect of water resources conditions, lack of unified planning and comprehensive management of water resources, leading to intensified contradiction between supply and demand and increased water resources gap. China is a big agricultural country, and agricultural water is the largest user of groundwater resources. 80% water is used for irrigation, but the average effective utilization rate is only about 30-40%, which is a serious waste.
When designing the farmland water conservancy system, people should not only focus on the efficiency of the system, but also expand their horizons to the special national conditions of China, and build a farmland water conservancy system suitable for the national conditions of China on the basis of carefully examining the basic premise of farmland water conservancy. I earnestly hope that in the near future, farmers' faces will no longer be full of sadness caused by irrigation problems, which depends on the efforts of the country, society and everyone. I hope this paper can attract enough attention.
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