Historical Records is a biographical history book written by Sima Qian, a famous historian in the Western Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history in the history of China, and it is listed as the first of the twenty-four histories.
Formerly known as Taishi Gong Ji. This book is one of the most famous classics in ancient China, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi era to the first year of Emperor Wudi's Yuan Shou.
Together with The History of the Later Han Dynasty, The History of the Later Han Dynasty and The History of the Three Kingdoms, they are called "the first four histories". Historical Records (one of the most famous classic works in ancient China), and later Han Shu (Ban Gu), Later Han Shu (Ye Fan, Sima Biao) and The History of the Three Kingdoms (Chen Shou) are collectively called "the first four histories".
Historical Records records the history of * * * for more than 3,000 years from the time of the Yellow Emperor in ancient China to the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 122). Sima Qian, the author, made Historical Records the first biographical general history in the history of China with his [1] that "when studying the relationship between man and nature, we can learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement".
Historical Records includes twelve biographies (recording the political achievements of emperors in past dynasties), thirty biographies (recording the rise and fall of vassal states and governors in Han Dynasty), seventy biographies (recording the words and deeds of important people, mainly describing the characters and ministers, and the last one is the preface), ten tables (chronology of major events) and eight books (recording various laws and regulations, such as etiquette, music, temperament, calendar, astronomy, etc.). At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, or "Taishi Office" or "Taishi Gong", etc., and it was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province.
Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms period, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of "Taishi Gongshu" from the general name of historical books. Historical Records had a far-reaching influence on the development of later historiography and literature.
His original biographical method of compiling history was passed down by the "official history" of later generations. At the same time, Historical Records, as an excellent literary work, occupies an important position in the history of China literature. It is praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme", which has high literary value.
Liu Xiang and others think that this book is "good in order and reason, argumentative but not flashy, qualitative but not vulgar". A brief introduction of Sima Qian (65438 BC+045 BC ~ 90 BC), a historian, thinker and writer of the Western Han Dynasty.
Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now Luocheng Town, south of Hancheng, Shaanxi). He wrote eight poems by Sima Qian in Historical Records and Records. Sima Qian's Annals of Sui Shu Classics contains a volume of Sima Qian's books.
Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was appointed Taishiling, and his wish to write a general history of ancient and modern times was not realized. Before he died, he asked Sima Qian to fulfill his long-cherished wish. Later, Sima Qian's stepfather Taishiling began to write historical records, which was finally completed after more than ten years.
As early as the age of 20, Sima Qian left Chang 'an, the capital city, to visit famous mountains and rivers on the spot, and learned many anecdotes about historical figures, customs and economic life in many places. In the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 108), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he officially issued a letter and had the opportunity to read books, archives and various historical materials collected by the Han Dynasty.
While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the change of the calendar. In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was written, and Sima Qian began to write Historical Records.
In the second year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (99 BC), Sima Qian was put into prison and sentenced to imprisonment (then known as corruption) for protecting Li Ling. In the first year of Taishigong (96 BC), Sima Qian was released from prison and later became a minister.
It was not until the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (9 1 BC) that the book Historical Records was completed. The author's chronology is 65438 BC+045 BC (the fifth year of Emperor Han Jingdi), and he was born in Longmen.
BC 140 years (the first year of Emperor Jian Yuan), at the age of 6, his father Sima Tan was appointed as Taishiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Talking about Taishi Gong is between Jianyuan and Yuanfeng.
Taishigong is in charge of Tianguan, not treating the people. "136 BC (jianyuan five years), 10 years old, working in xia yang.
Preface of Taishi Gong: "Recite ancient prose at the age of ten." 135 BC (the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan), 1 1 year.
After Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed Huang Lao's words and began to respect Confucianism. 134 BC (the first year of Han Yuanguang), 12 years old.
It is Dong Zhongshu's "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone.
Sima Qian studied in xia yang and Chang 'an. BC 127 (the second year of the Han Dynasty), 19 years old, moved from xia yang to Chang 'an.
Learn from Kong Anguo's Shangshu and Dong Zhongshu's Chunqiu. Kong Anguo served as an assistant.
BC 126 (the third year of Han Yuanshuo), at the age of 20, began to travel abroad. After returning to Chang 'an, he became the assistant minister of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, accompanied him to Pingliang and Kongtong, and served as the envoy to Bashu. BC 1 10 (the first year of Han Yuanfeng), 36 years old.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed Mount Tai, and Sima Tan died in Luoyang. Sima Qian went to Mount Tai for meditation.
BC 108 (the third year of Han Yuanfeng), at the age of 38, he officially became an official historian, sorting out historical materials and participating in the calendar reform. BC 104 (the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), aged 42. After finishing taichu calendar, he began to write history books.
In 99 BC (the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), the 47-year-old Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked the Xiongnu and surrendered by riding a captain Li Ling. Sima Qian defended him and was jailed.
However, about half of the historical records were completed during his imprisonment. ) In 96 BC (the first year of Liang Wudi's reign), Liang Wudi, 50, was granted amnesty. Sima Qian became a secretary after he was released from prison.
9 1 year BC (the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), aged 55, completed the book Historical Records. The background of editing this paragraph is Sima Qian's Historical Records, and his view of history lies in "learning from heaven and man, connecting the changes of ancient and modern times, and becoming a family statement."
Sima Qian's pursuit of heaven and man is not to admit the mysterious power of heaven, but to pay attention to the evolution of the relationship between heaven and man, so as to understand the key of "the change of ancient and modern times", explore the level of historical dynamic development and change, and finally complete the "one-family statement". His motivation mainly includes three aspects: First, Sima Qian completed his ambition to write historical records in order to inherit the legacy of his father Sima Tan, and to inherit the spirit of Confucius in writing Spring and Autumn Annals.
Jing Ji Zhi said: "Tan is based on Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Mandarin and History.
2. What was the original name of Sima Qian's Historical Records?
Historical Records was originally named Taishi Gongshu, also known as Taishi GongGong Ji and Taishi Gongji, and was not called Historical Records until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
First, the name comes from:
At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, which were called "Taishi Gongshu" or "Taishi Gongshu", and also called "Taishi Gongshu" in the province. According to the textual research of known materials, Sima Qian's earliest historical book "Historical Records" is the East China Sea Temple Monument written by Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Previously, Historical Records was a general term for ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu.
From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the research monographs and single papers of Historical Records covered the fields of famous titles, geographical evolution, textual collation, phonological exegesis, edition origin, exegetical notes and so on. The method is to copy materials and quote them in parallel, which is basically a microscopic "literature" study.
Since the 20th century, the academic research team of Sima Qian and Historical Records has been growing. In addition to textual research on Sima Qian's birth year, life and family background, as well as the name, limitation, system, materials, incomplete supplements and righteous examples of Historical Records, scholars have further expanded their comprehensive research on Historical Records.
On the basis of literature, they absorbed local archaeological achievements, combined with western historical theories and methods, made rigorous textual research, cautious judgment and rigorous logical analysis, which greatly promoted the progress of Chinese mainland's Historical Records from "historical materials study" to "historical records study" and achieved many breakthrough results.
Second, the content introduction:
Historical Records is divided into five parts: biography, table, book, family and biography. Among them, biography and biography are the main body. It takes emperors and other political center figures in history as the main line of compiling history books, and the division of labor among various styles is clear. Among them, "Biography", "Biography" and "Biography" account for most of the book's length, and all of them record history with writing characters as the center. As a result, Sima Qian created a new style of history books-"Biography".
1, this discipline
Ji is the outline of the whole book, which records the words and deeds of emperors according to the time of year and month. Five of them recorded the history of pre-Qin, followed by the five emperors of Xia, Yin, Zhou and Qin. There are seven articles recording the history of Qin and Han Dynasties, followed by Qin Shihuang, Chu Xiangyu, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, Gao Zhi, Han Heng, Han Jingdi Liu Qi and Emperor Wudi.
Step 2: table
Table lists lineages, people and historical events in tables.
3. books
The Book describes the development of the system, involving the system of rites and music, astronomical military law, social economy, river geography and other aspects.
4. Family
The "aristocratic family" describes the historical relics of the vassal's seal of the country and the deeds of particularly important people.
5. Biography
Biography is the life stories of other representatives except emperors and generals and the biographies of ethnic minorities.
Extended data:
Creative background:
The Han empire inherited the will of the five emperors and continued the great cause of three generations' interruption. Because the Zhou Dynasty gave up the royal power, the Qin Dynasty destroyed the ancient cultural classics and burned the poetry classics, which led to the loss of the precious classics in the Mingtang and Shishi.
At this time, with the rise of the Han Dynasty, Xiao He revised the law, Han Xin affirmed the military law, Zhang Cang formulated the articles of association, and Shu determined the etiquette, so literati with good character and knowledge gradually came in handy, and destroyed ancient books such as poems and books were constantly sought and given by people who loved literature everywhere. Sima Tan, the father of Ma Qian, served as the Taishiling, taking the revision of history as his sacred mission. Unfortunately, his ambition was not rewarded and he died.
Sima Qian inherited his father's business and succeeded Taishi Order. In his early years, he studied under Kong Anguo and Dong Zhongshu, roaming around, learning about customs and collecting rumors. As a first-time doctor, he served in the southwest. In the first year of Tai Chu, Sima Qian began to create Taishi Gongshu, later called Shiji.
However, an accident happened. In the third year of Tianhan, Li Ling was defeated and surrendered to the Huns. Sima Qian was arrested and imprisoned for defending the story of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, which gave him great physical and mental trauma.
After he was released from prison, he was appointed secretary of the Secretariat. He endured humiliation and hardships, and worked hard to complete his historical records. With the historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, changing from ancient times to modern times, and getting married", he experienced 14 years before and after, and created China's first biography Historical Records.
Sogou encyclopedia-historical records
3. The original name of Historical Records is "
Historical Records was originally named Taishi Gong Shu and Taishi Gong Gong Ji.
Historical Records is a biographical history book written by Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history in the history of China, recording the history of four years and more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi era to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), Sima Qian began to create Taishi Gongshu, later called Shiji. It took 14 years before and after its completion.
Historical Records includes twelve biographies (recording the political achievements of emperors in past dynasties), thirty biographies (recording the rise and fall of vassal states and governors in Han Dynasty), seventy biographies (recording the words and deeds of important people, mainly describing the characters and ministers, and the last one is the preface), ten tables (chronology of major events) and eight books (recording various laws and regulations, such as etiquette, music, temperament, calendar, astronomy, etc.).
Extended data:
I. The origin of the name
At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, which were called "Taishi Gongshu" or "Taishi Gongshu", and also called "Taishi Gongshu" in the province. According to the textual research of known materials, Sima Qian's earliest historical book "Historical Records" is the East China Sea Temple Monument written by Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Previously, Historical Records was a general term for ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu.
Second, the creative background
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the kingship was abolished, and the ancient cultural classics were destroyed by the Qin Dynasty, which led to the loss of precious classics in Mingtang and Shishi. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Xiao He revised the law, Han Xin affirmed the military law, Zhang Cang formulated the articles of association, and Shu determined the etiquette. Scholars with good personality and knowledge gradually played a role, and literary lovers from all over the world constantly collected and presented abandoned ancient books such as poems and books.
Third, draw materials.
Historical Records has a wide range of materials. At that time, Shi Ben, Mandarin, Ji Qin, Chunqiu of Chu and Han Dynasties, a hundred schools of thought contend and other works, as well as national documents and archives, as well as materials obtained from field investigation, were all important sources of materials for Sima Qian to write Historical Records.
What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For example, Huang San, who had no evidence, was not listed. He took the Five Emperors as the beginning of his discipline, and either took a skeptical attitude or recorded various opinions on some unclear issues. Due to its extensive materials and serious attitude in compiling history, Historical Records is informative and rich in content.
Sogou encyclopedia-historical records
What was the original name of Historical Records?
Historical Records is a historical work by Sima Qian, a historian in the Western Han Dynasty.
Historical Records is one of the most famous classic works in ancient China, and it is also called "the first four histories" with the later Hanshu, Houhanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms. At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, or "Taishi Office" or "Taishi Gong", etc., and it was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province.
Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms period, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of "Taishi Gongshu" from the general name of historical books. Historical Records records the history of more than 3,000 years from the time of the Yellow Emperor in the ancient legend of China to the first year of founding ceremony, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
The book includes twelve biographies, thirty families, seventy biographies, ten tables, eight books, 130 articles and more than 526,500 words. Sima Qian, the author, made Historical Records the first and most famous biographical general history of China with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, connecting the changes from ancient times to modern times, and making a family statement".
Historical Records had a far-reaching influence on the development of later historiography and literature. His original biographical method of compiling history was passed down by the "official history" of later generations.
At the same time, Historical Records is regarded as an excellent literary work and occupies an important position in the history of China literature. Lu Xun called it "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme."
Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, and his view of history lies in "understanding the changes of ancient and modern times and becoming a unified statement when studying the relationship between man and nature". Sima Qian paid attention to the evolution of the relationship between heaven and man, instead of acknowledging the mysterious power of heaven, so as to understand the key of "the change of ancient and modern times", explore the level of historical dynamic development and change, and finally complete the "one family statement"
And his motivation for writing. ..
5. It is urgent to seek literary knowledge about Sima Qian and Historical Records.
Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi is a historical work written by Sima Qian, a historian in the Western Han Dynasty.
Historical Records is one of the most famous classic works in ancient China, and it is also called "the first four histories" with the later Hanshu, Houhanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms. At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, or "Taishi Office" or "Taishi Gong", etc., and it was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province.
Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms period, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of "Taishi Gongshu" from the general name of historical books. Historical Records records the history of four years and more than 3,000 years from the time of the Yellow Emperor in China's ancient legend to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
The book includes twelve biographies, thirty families, seventy biographies, ten tables, eight books, 130 articles and more than 526,500 words. Sima Qian, the author, made Historical Records the first and most famous biographical general history of China with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, connecting the changes from ancient times to modern times, and making a family statement".
Historical Records had a far-reaching influence on the development of later historiography and literature. His original biographical method of compiling history was passed down by the "official history" of later generations.
At the same time, Historical Records is regarded as an excellent literary work and occupies an important position in the history of China literature. Lu Xun called it "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme."
Sima Qian Sima Qian (former 145 or former 135~? Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi).
Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), the date of death is unknown. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies.
During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends.
Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians.
In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records.
Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records.
People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image.
Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties. Sima Qian's Historical Records Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 145-about 87 BC? ), whose Historical Records plays a connecting role in the history of China's prose development. It not only created the biographical history of China, but also created the biographical literature of China.
It describes the history of more than 3,000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the early years of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. The whole book 103 has more than 500,000 words. Sima Qian has a progressive view of history and a critical spirit of social reality and justice.
His progressive thought is embodied in four aspects in Historical Records: exposing and satirizing the feudal ruling class, especially the supreme ruling group in Han Dynasty; It reflects the resistance of the broad masses of the people to feudal tyranny; Enthusiastically praised and affirmed a series of lower-level figures; Described a series of patriotic heroes. Historical Records is not only a historical record, but also has high literary value.
Its artistry is first manifested in the successful creation of many vivid characters by using real historical materials. In the characterization, Sima Qian tried to unify history, characters and themes, which not only made history alive, but also made characters alive. He is also very good at putting characters in sharp contradictions and conflicts, and completing the characterization of characters through their words and deeds.
The narrative of Historical Records is concise and vivid, especially the description of dramatic scenes, which increases the appeal of the work. Sima Qian seldom used parallel prose, and formed his own simple, concise, popular and fluent language style, which was both relaxed and calm, harmonious and changeable.
The language of Historical Records has always been regarded as the highest achievement of "ancient prose".
6. The original name of Historical Records is "
Historical Records was originally named Taishi Gong Shu and Taishi Gong Gong Ji.
Historical Records is a biographical history book written by Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history in the history of China, recording the history of four years and more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi era to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), Sima Qian began to create Taishi Gongshu, later called Shiji.
It took 14 years before and after its completion. Historical Records includes twelve biographies (recording the political achievements of emperors in past dynasties), thirty biographies (recording the rise and fall of vassal states and governors in Han Dynasty), seventy biographies (recording the words and deeds of important people, mainly describing the characters and ministers, and the last one is the preface), ten tables (chronology of major events) and eight books (recording various laws and regulations, such as etiquette, music, temperament, calendar, astronomy, etc.).
Extended data:
First, the name comes from the fact that there is no fixed title in the historical records at first, which is called "Taishi Gongshu" or "Taishi Gongji", and it is also called "Taishi Gongji" in the province. According to the textual research of known materials, Sima Qian's earliest historical book "Historical Records" is the East China Sea Temple Monument written by Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Previously, Historical Records was a general term for ancient history books.
Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu. Second, the background of creation: The Wang Dao in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was abolished, and the ancient cultural classics were destroyed by the Qin Dynasty, which led to the loss of precious classics in the Mingtang and Shishi.
After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Xiao He revised the law, Han Xin affirmed the military law, Zhang Cang formulated the articles of association, and Shu determined the etiquette. Scholars with good personality and knowledge gradually played a role, and literary lovers from all over the world constantly collected and presented abandoned ancient books such as poems and books. Third, the materials used in Historical Records are quite extensive.
At that time, Shi Ben, Mandarin, Ji Qin, Chunqiu of Chu and Han Dynasties, a hundred schools of thought contend and other works, as well as national documents and archives, as well as materials obtained from field investigation, were all important sources of materials for Sima Qian to write Historical Records. What is particularly commendable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For example, Huang San, who had no evidence, was not listed. He took the Five Emperors as the beginning of his discipline, and either took a skeptical attitude or recorded various opinions on some unclear issues.