No one knows what human beings will be like in the future. Our bodies and brains are different from our ancestors, and our descendants will be different from us. It is generally believed that modern Homo sapiens did not evolve much after the Pleistocene. However, a new study on the genetic information of all ethnic groups in the world found that the speed of human evolution accelerated after the development of agriculture and cities. If we continue to evolve, what will human beings look like after the unexpected development brought by environment and society in 1000 years? The answers to guesses range from hope to nightmare. If people are asked about their imagination of future human beings, there are usually only two answers. Some people will mention the description of old science fiction: brain people with bulging heads have higher IQ; Another school will say that the human body will not evolve, that technology has ended cruel natural selection, and that only culture continues to evolve. There is no real scientific basis for the statement of the brain-damaged man. By analyzing the fossil records of human heads in the past thousands of generations, it can be seen that the period of rapid growth of human brain capacity withdrew a long time ago, so when the above questions were raised a few years ago, most scientists would choose the view that human evolution has stagnated. However, using DNA technology to detect the past and present genomes has got completely different results, which has set off a revolution in evolutionary research. After the birth of modern Homo sapiens, not only major gene recombination events are still emerging one after another, but also the evolution speed is getting faster and faster. Humans, like other creatures, will experience the most dramatic changes in body shape in the initial stage of species formation. However, after that, genes continue to cause changes in human physiology (and possibly behavior). Until the recent human history, the differences between humans scattered around the world were still increasing. Even today, modern life continues to promote the evolution of some genes that affect behavioral characteristics. If a huge brain is not the future direction of human development, then what is? Will our bodies get bigger or smaller? Will you become smart or stupid? Will those emerging diseases and global warming affect human evolution? Will there be new species? Or when we implant silicon and steel into the brain and body, the future evolution of human beings will no longer depend on genes, but on technology? Will we become the next agent that will dominate the future of the earth: the builder of machines? The number one evolutionist who tracks human evolution has always been a paleontologist who studies ancient fossils. The history of hominids can be traced back to more than 7 million years ago, when a small group of hominids named Sahelanthropus tchadensis appeared. After that, primitive humans gradually added many quite diverse members, and the actual number is still controversial. We know at least 9 species, and in the incomplete fossil record, there must be traces of other primitive human animals buried. Since early human remains are rarely preserved in sedimentary rocks without being eaten by animals, this estimate will change every year with new discoveries and new explanations published in the paper. The evolution of each new species is due to the change of a small group of individuals in order to adapt to the new environmental conditions after being separated from a larger group for several generations. After long-term separation from the same kind, this small group walked alone on the road of heredity. Finally, its members can no longer mate with their parents. Fossil records tell us that the oldest members of modern Homo sapiens lived in Ethiopia 195000 years ago, and then spread all over the world. By 10000 years ago, modern Homo sapiens had successfully settled in all continents except Antarctica, and they also adapted to many different local environments (and other evolutionary drivers). Formed a well-known race. People who are separated from different regions obviously only keep more or less contact with each other, so they will not evolve into new independent species. After the race has spread to almost every corner of the world, we may think that the evolution process is almost over. As a result, this is not the case. A year ago, Henry C. Harpending of the University of Utah and John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the United States analyzed the genetic markers of 270 people from the data of the international haplotype mapping project of the human genome (see "Tracking Human DNA Footprints" in August 2008). These people belong to four ethnic groups: China Han, Japanese, Yoruba (who live in Nigeria) and Nordic. They found that until 5,000 years ago, at least 7% of human genes had undergone evolution, and most of the changes were related to adapting to special environments, both natural and artificial. For example, most Han people and Africans can't digest and absorb fresh milk as adults, while in Sweden and Denmark, almost everyone can digest milk, and this ability is to adapt to the rich dairy environment in northern Europe. Another study conducted by Sabetti team of Harvard University in the United States uses huge data of genetic variation to find traces of natural selection in the genome. More than 300 parts of the human genome have recently been altered to improve the chances of survival and reproduction, including resistance to Lassa fever, an infectious disease caused by a virus raging in Africa. Some African ethnic groups have also evolved resistance to other diseases such as malaria; The skin pigment and hair follicle development of Asians have changed; Nordic people evolved whiter skin and blue eyes. Harpenting and Hawkes' team estimated that since our earliest hominid ancestors parted ways with the ancestors of modern chimpanzees, the speed of human evolution has been hundreds of times faster in the past 1 10,000 years than in any previous period. They believe that the speed of human evolution is accelerated because human beings have moved to different environments, and the development of agriculture and cities has changed living conditions. These changes are not just the farming habits themselves. Or the landscape change brought by the reclamation of wasteland into farmland, but the fatal threat brought by poor sanitary conditions, brand-new diet and new diseases (spread from other people or livestock). Although some people have reservations about this estimate, they all agree with its basic argument: human beings are the number one evolutionist. In the past 100 years, the situation of modern homo sapiens has changed again. Convenient transportation has opened up the isolation caused by geography in the past. It also breaks down the social barriers between races. The human gene pool has never been so widely mixed with the previously completely isolated local ethnic groups. In fact, human migration ability may make races like each other more and more. At the same time, science and technology and medicine have also hindered human natural selection. Now the infant mortality rate in the world is not high. People with fatal genetic defects can still survive, get married and have children, and natural elimination in the law of survival is no longer applicable.

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