The overall energy characteristic of China is "rich in coal, little in oil and full in gas". In 2003, the total energy consumption in China reached165438+78.3 million tons of oil equivalent, of which coal accounted for 67.86%, oil for 23.35%, natural gas for 2.5%, hydropower for 5.43% and nuclear energy for 0.83%. China is rich in coal resources. In 2000-2003, the proven reserves were 1 145 billion tons, and the reserve-production ratio decreased from 1 16 in 2000 to 82 in 2002 and 69 in 2003. In 2003, the proven oil reserves were 3.2 billion tons, and the reserve-production ratio was 19.438+0 years. For a long time, China's crude oil output can only be maintained at the level of1.6 ~ 65438+700 million tons/year. Because of its large reserves and relatively stable price, coal has become the preferred fuel for power production in China. In the first 50 years of this century, coal will still play a dominant role in China's primary energy composition. It is predicted that by 2005, the proportion of coal in primary energy will reach about 50% from 65,438+67.8% in 2009, 63.8% in 2000 and 67.8% in 2003. China burns about 30 million tons of heavy oil every year, and the shortage of oil resources still puts coal instead of oil on the agenda again. Coal-to-oil has become an important trend of China's energy strategy.
Indirect coal liquefaction technology
Indirect coal liquefaction technology is called synthesis gas from coal gasification and synthesis oil from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The method of "indirect coal liquefaction" was industrialized in South Africa as early as 1960. South Africa is also a country rich in coal and short of oil. Its coal reserves are as high as 55.333 billion tons, and the reserve-production ratio is 247 years. Coal accounts for 75.6% of its primary energy. Since 1955, South Africa has used coal gasification technology and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology to produce petroleum and chemical products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, synthetic wax, ammonia, ethylene, propylene and α-olefin. South Africa's Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology has developed a modern slurry bed reactor for alcohol synthesis. At present, Sasol Company has two sets of "indirect coal liquefaction" devices, which produce more than 7 million tons of liquid hydrocarbon products every year (320,000 tons of Sasol and 6.75 million tons of Saiku), including 5 million tons of synthetic oil products and 49.5 million tons of coal consumption every year. The accumulated investment of $7 billion has been recovered. Now the annual output value reaches 4 billion US dollars, and the annual profit is nearly1200 million US dollars.
Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has started the research and engineering development of indirect liquefaction technology of iron-based and cobalt-based catalyst Fischer-Tropsch synthetic oil since 1980s, and has completed the industrial experiment of coal-based synthetic oil with a scale of 2000 tons/year, and 5 tons of coal can be synthesized into 1 ton of refined oil. According to the project plan, in the next three years, Shanxi, a major coal province in China, is expected to build a 10,000-ton "coal-to-oil" plant. The Chinese Academy of Sciences also envisages that by 2008, a million-ton coal-based synthetic oil enterprise will be built, and a large-scale coal "refinery" will be built between several large coalfields in Datong and Shuozhou areas of Shanxi. Recently, the project of Shuozhou Lianshun Energy Company with an annual output of 5 million tons of coal-based synthetic oil with a total investment of 654.38+0 billion US dollars has entered the substantive development stage and is scheduled to be completed and put into operation in 2005. Products will include nearly 500 chemical extension products such as synthetic gasoline and synthetic diesel with octane number not less than 90 and no sulfur or nitrogen.
China is rich in coal resources. In order to ensure the national energy security and meet the urgent demand of the national energy strategy for indirect liquefaction technology, the "863" plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the China Academy of Sciences jointly launched a major scientific and technological project of "coal to oil" on 200 1. Two years later, Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, which undertook the project, made a series of important progress. High-quality diesel oil from coal is completely different from our common diesel oil, clear and transparent, and almost tasteless. The content of sulfur, nitrogen and other pollutants in diesel oil is extremely low, and the cetane number is as high as 75. It has the characteristics of high power and no pollution. Compared with gasoline, this high-quality diesel oil has a 30% lower fuel consumption per 100 kilometers and a sulfur content of less than 0.5× 10-6, which is 10 times higher than the Euro V standard and 20 times higher than the Euro IV standard. It is an excellent environment-friendly clean fuel.
The research of "coal to oil" in Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemical Industry has a history of 20 years. In September 2002, the first trial operation of the 1,000-ton pilot platform was realized, and the first batch of crude oil was synthesized. By the end of 2003, dozens of tons of synthetic crude oil had been accumulated. At the end of 2003, colorless and transparent high-quality diesel oil was produced from crude oil. At present, the pilot base of Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemical Technology is preparing to start for the fifth time, and it is planned to run for about 6 months. At present, only a few countries in the world, such as South Africa, can synthesize high-quality diesel oil by "coal to oil" technology. The appearance of high-quality clean diesel oil in Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemical Industry indicates that China has the ability to develop and provide advanced complete sets of independent industrialization technologies, and has become one of the few countries in the world with complete sets of technologies to turn coal into high-clean diesel oil. It is reported that in 2005, the Institute will build a 654.38+10,000 tons/year demonstration plant in the coal mine production area, with an estimated investment of/kloc-0.20 billion to/kloc-0.40 billion yuan. On the premise of mature technology, the embryonic form of "coal-to-oil" industrialization was initially formed.
It is predicted that by 2020, the shortage of petroleum products in China will be about 200 million tons. In addition to 65.438+200 million tons to be imported, the technology of "coal-to-oil" can solve more than 60-80 million tons, with an investment of about 500 billion yuan and an annual output value of 300-400 billion yuan, of which indirect liquefied synthetic oil can produce more than 20 million tons with an investment of about 654.33 billion yuan. From the perspective of economic benefits, the internal rate of return can reach 8% ~ 12%, and the price of diesel products can be controlled within 2000 yuan/ton when the original oil price is not less than 25 dollars. The investment of this scale project is about 4.5 billion yuan.
At present, seven units including Shanxi Coal Chemical Research Institute have formed an alliance to share data in the "coal-to-oil" experiment; About to transport 1.2 tons of high clean diesel to Germany for field sports car test; In 2005, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen and other manufacturers provided vehicles and used high-clean diesel as fuel to carry out long-distance driving tests from Shanghai to Beijing, which will comprehensively investigate the matching relationship between vehicles and fuel, combustibility and environmental protection. At present, the basic design of the "coal-to-oil" industrial demonstration plant is under way, and it is expected to be put into large-scale production before 20 10.
China and South Africa signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation on September 28th, 2004. According to this memorandum, Shenhua Group Co., Ltd. and Ningxia Coal Industry Group Co., Ltd., two large coal enterprises in China, will cooperate with Sovo to build two indirect coal liquefaction plants in Shaanxi and Ningxia respectively. The initial construction scale of the two indirect liquefaction plants is 3 million tons of oil products/year respectively, with a total investment of about 30 billion yuan. The indirect coal liquefaction project has filled the domestic gap through technology introduction and Sino-foreign joint venture, which is of great significance to the reliable construction of the demonstration project of "coal to oil". Sasol Company is the only enterprise in the world with coal liquefaction equipment at present. It has been 50 years since 1955 built the first indirect coal liquefaction plant. Three indirect coal liquefaction plants have been built, with an annual processing capacity of 46 million tons of coal and an annual output of more than 7.6 million tons of various oil products and chemical products, meeting 40% of the domestic oil demand in South Africa.
The signing of "Iron-based Slurry Bed Synthetic Fuel Technology" between China Academy of Sciences and Shenhua Group indicates that the industrialization of this technology is just around the corner. Iron-based slurry bed synthetic fuel technology is a major innovation project of Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is a national "863" project undertaken by Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemical Industry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and has been supported by the state, Shanxi Province and related enterprises. After more than two years' efforts, we have developed technologies with independent intellectual property rights, such as iron-based catalysts with high activity and stability, 1000 tons slurry bed reaction process and equipment. By the end of June 38+ 10, 2004, the trial operation of 1500 hours has been completed, and data are being collected for the basic design of 654.38+10,000 tons/year industrial demonstration device, basically forming an integrated innovation achievement with independent intellectual property rights in China. The cooperation with Shenhua Group will play a positive role in the development of coal-based indirect synthetic oil technology in China.
Shell (China) Co., Ltd., Shenhua Group and Ningxia Coal Industry Group signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperative development of clean coal-to-oil products in June 2004 +065438+2004 10. According to the Memorandum of Understanding, during the pre-feasibility study period of 6 to 9 months, the three parties will study the feasibility of applying Shell coal-to-liquid (indirect liquefaction) technology in China, including market analysis, economic index evaluation, technical scheme and relevant laws and regulations review, and project site selection. It is understood that Shenhua Group and Ningxia Coal Industry Group will build an indirect coal liquefaction plant in Shaanxi and Ningxia respectively. The first-phase construction scale of the proposed two indirect liquefaction plants is 3 million tons of oil products per year, and the initial estimated total investment is about 30 billion yuan each.
Yunnan Kaiyuan Jiehua Group Co., Ltd. will take advantage of Xiaolongtan lignite resources to build projects with an annual output of 300,000 tons of methanol and 65,438+10,000 tons of dimethyl ether, a project with an annual output of 500,000 tons or 1 10,000 tons of coal to produce synthetic oil, and a project with indirect lignite liquefaction technology to produce gasoline. The company plans to complete methanol and dimethyl ether projects in 2006, and the products are mainly used for methanol fuel and dimethyl ether civil liquefied gas. Due to large investment and high technology content, Xie Hua Group plans to implement it in two steps: in 2005, a set of industrial demonstration device with annual output of 1 10,000 tons of coal-to-oil will be built; In 2008, a coal-based synthetic oil plant with an annual output of 500,000 tons or 6,543.8+0,000 tons was built. At present, the demonstration project of coal-to-oil industrialization with an annual output of 20,000 tons has completed the concept test and project feasibility study report. The investment of this project is 79.52 million yuan, which will play an exemplary role for large coal-to-oil enterprises and coal-to-oil industry in Yunnan Province.
The United States is developing a new process for preparing chemicals from coal gasification. Air Products Liquid Phase Conversion Company (a partnership between Air Products and Chemicals Company and Eastman Chemical Company) successfully completed the key research project funded by the US Department of Energy 1 1 year, and verified the advanced method of coal-to-methanol production. The device can convert coal into chemical products and produce hydrogen and other chemicals without emission pollution. Since1April, 1997, the liquid methanol process (called LP MEOH) has been put into industrial trial operation in the coal-to-chemicals joint plant in Kingsport area of Hysmans Company. The operating rate of the factory is 97.5%. The verification shows that the maximum product production capacity can exceed 300 tons/day methanol, which is 10% higher than the original design. It is different from the conventional methanol reactor which uses fixed bed granular catalyst and operates in gas phase, while the LP MEOH process uses the slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR) designed by Air Products and Chemicals Company. After entering SBCR, the synthesis gas reacts with catalyst (powder catalyst dispersed in inert mineral oil) to generate methanol, and the methanol vapor leaving the reactor is condensed and distilled as raw materials for producing various products. LP MEOH process is used to treat the synthesis gas produced by coal gasifier, and 25%~50% of heat is recovered from the synthesis gas without removing CO2 upstream (conventional technology needs to remove CO2). When raw materials with high CO2 content are used, the methanol concentration is more than 97% and the water content is only 65438 0%. Comparatively speaking, CO and H2 in the raw materials required by conventional gas phase process should be stoichiometric, and the water content of methanol products is usually 4%~20%. When the new technology is combined with gasification combined cycle power generation device, the cost can be saved by 0.04~0. 1 1 USD/gallon because it does not need stoichiometric feed. Methanol products produced from coal can be directly used as fuel for automobiles, gas turbines and diesel generators, with little or no loss in fuel economy. If methanol is used as the hydrogen source of phosphoric acid fuel cell, it needs to be purified.
Direct coal liquefaction technology
As early as 1930s, the first generation of direct coal liquefaction technology-direct coal hydro-liquefaction process was industrialized in Germany. However, the reaction conditions of coal liquefaction at that time were harsh, the reaction temperature was 470℃ and the reaction pressure was 70MPa. 1973 the world oil crisis has caused the research and development of direct coal liquefaction technology to be paid attention again. Various second-generation direct coal liquefaction processes have been developed one after another, such as H-Coal process, solvent coal refining process (SRC-I, SRC-II) and hydrogen-supplying solvent process (EDS) in the United States. These processes have completed a large-scale pilot test, and technically have the conditions for building factories. However, due to the large investment in economic construction and the high production cost of coal liquefied oil, they have not been industrialized. At present, several major industrial countries are continuing to develop the third generation direct coal liquefaction process, which has the characteristics of mild reaction conditions, high oil yield and relatively low oil price. At present, several typical direct coal liquefaction processes in the world are: two-stage catalytic liquefaction process of IGOR company in Germany and HTI company in the United States. Since 1980, the Beijing Institute of Coal Chemistry of China Coal Research Institute has restarted the research on direct coal liquefaction technology, and has now built a laboratory for direct coal liquefaction and oil upgrading and processing. Through the direct coal liquefaction test of hundreds of kinds of coal in China, the suitable coal type 15 was selected, and the yield of liquefied oil was above 50%. The technological conditions of four kinds of direct coal liquefaction were studied, and the catalyst for direct coal liquefaction was developed. The Institute of Coal Science also signed a feasibility study project agreement with German RUR and DMT companies, and completed the feasibility study report of Yunnan Xianfeng Coal Liquefaction Plant. The proposed Yunnan Xianfeng Coal Liquefaction Plant will process (liquefy) 2.57 million tons of lignite and 2.53 million tons of raw coal for gasification and hydrogen production (including 6.5438+0.7 million kilowatts for power generation), with a total demand of 5.65438+0.00 million tons of raw coal. After the completion of the liquefaction plant, it can produce 353,400 tons of gasoline, 530,400 tons of diesel oil, 67,500 tons of liquefied petroleum gas, 39,000 tons of synthetic ammonia, 25,300 tons of sulfur and 8,800 tons of benzene every year.
The feasibility study of the first large-scale Shenhua coal direct liquefaction oil project in China has entered the field evaluation stage. The three recommended locations are Shangwan, Majiata in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Holo City, Ding Song. Shenhua coal liquefaction project is a feasibility study project approved by the State Council in March, 20001. This project is an important strategic measure for energy structure adjustment and a new way to transform China's abundant coal energy into relatively scarce oil resources. The project introduces the core technology of coal liquefaction of American Hydrocarbon Technology Company, and directly converts Shenhua high-quality coal with abundant reserves into qualified gasoline, diesel oil and naphtha according to domestic conventional technology. The project can digest raw coal150,000 tons, forming a new industrial chain, and the benefit can be increased by 20 times compared with direct selling of raw coal. Its subsidiary products will be extended to downstream products, such as sulfur, urea, polyethylene, paraffin and natural gas. A major feature of this project is the large-scale factory, including coal liquefaction, hydrogen production from natural gas, hydrogen production from coal and air separation, which is the largest of its kind in the world. It is estimated that the annual sales will reach 6 billion yuan, the after-tax net profit will be 65.438+0.57 billion yuan, and the investment can be recovered in 65.438+0.65438+0 years.
The coal blending liquefaction test technology independently developed by the Coal Conversion Center of Gansu Institute of Coalfield Geology has made a major breakthrough. Because the oil yield of blended coal liquefaction technology is higher than that of single coal liquefaction, it is estimated that the cost of gasoline and diesel produced by this technology is about 1500 yuan/ton, which has remarkable economic and social benefits. Before coal liquefaction, only one kind of coal was used for processing. Gansu Coal Conversion Center adopted coal blending for the first time in the world. The coals with different trace components in Judas and Tianzhu of Gansu were reacted at a ratio of 6: 4, and the temperature was set at 440℃ for 60 seconds, so it was called "coal blending liquefaction". The test shows that this technology can make the conversion rate of coal reach 95.89% and the yield of oil increase to 69.66%. The amount of commonly used catalyst is less than that of single coal liquefaction, and the reaction conditions are relatively mild.
The direct liquefaction technology of high sulfur coal blending in central Gansu Province was studied in the laboratory by Gansu Institute of Coalfield Geology, and reached the international advanced level through expert appraisal. At the same time, Tengda Northwest Ferroalloy Company and Gansu Institute of Coalfield Geology also signed an investment agreement, which made the industrialization of "coal-to-oil" a substantial step. In order to provide resources for the upgrading of "coal-to-oil" products in Gansu Province, the province and Gansu Institute of Coalfield Geology conducted preliminary research and development on the industrialization of "coal-to-oil" in the central region of the province. According to experts' determination, the oil production rate can generally reach 64.63%, and if coal is blended, it can reach 69.66%. After the project is implemented, it will accumulate valuable experience for coal conversion and industrial chain extension in mining areas such as Huating, Jingyuan and Yaojie in Gansu Province.
Shenhua Group's "coal-to-oil" direct liquefaction industrialization device was officially started in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at the end of August 2004. This is the first "coal-to-oil" industrial device for directly liquefying coal in the world. The total construction scale of Shenhua coal direct liquefaction project is 5 million tons/year of oil products, which is constructed in two phases, of which the first phase is 3.2 million tons/year of oil products, which consists of three main production lines, including coal liquefaction, hydrogen production from coal, solvent hydrogenation, hydrogenation upgrading, catalyst preparation, etc. 14 sets of main production devices. The main plant of the first phase project covers an area of 186 hectares and the off-site project covers an area of 177 hectares, with a total investment of 24.5 billion yuan. After completion and production, the annual coal consumption is 9.7 million tons, and 3.2 million tons of various oil products can be produced, including 500,000 tons of gasoline, 2 150 tons of diesel, 3 100 tons of liquefied gas and benzene. In order to effectively avoid and reduce risks, the project adopts a step-by-step implementation scheme. First, one production line will be built, and then other production lines will be built after the device runs smoothly. The first production line was completed in July 2007, and the last two production lines were completed around 20 10. In 2003, Shenhua Group Company's production and sales exceeded 654.38 billion tons, making it the largest coal production and operation enterprise in China. It is said that if the oil price is higher than 22 dollars per barrel, coal liquefaction technology will be competitive.
Shenhua Group will strive to develop into a large-scale energy enterprise group based on coal, with coal, electricity and oil as its main products. By 20 10, the coal output of Shenhua Group will exceed 200 million tons; The installed capacity of self-operated and holding power generation reaches 20 million kilowatts; The ability of coal liquefaction to form petroleum products and coal chemical products reaches100000 tons/year; The production capacity of methanol to olefins reaches 654.38 billion tons/year. In 2020, its coal output will exceed 300 million tons; The installed capacity of the power plant reaches 40 million kilowatts; The capacity of coal liquefaction to form petroleum products and coal chemical products reaches 30 million tons/year.
At present, there is no industrial production device for direct coal liquefaction in the world. After the completion of Shenhua Liquefaction Project, it will be the first commercial demonstration device for direct coal liquefaction in the world. Only one enterprise in South Africa has industrial production equipment for indirect coal liquefaction. The United States is building a demonstration plant for indirect coal liquefaction with a scale of 5000 barrels of oil per day.
Yunnan Province will also vigorously develop coal chemical industry and actively implement coal liquefaction projects. The pre-feasibility study report of Yunnan Xianfeng coal direct liquefaction project passed the expert review in May 2004. After the implementation of the project, "Made in Yunnan" gasoline and diesel can not only be supplied to Yunnan Province and enter foreign and international markets, but also make Yunnan the second largest "coal-to-oil" province after Inner Mongolia. Yunnan Xianfeng Coal Liquefaction Project is one of the first projects built in China by using foreign direct coal liquefaction technology. Yunnan coal-to-oil technology will be started in Xianfeng mining area first, and will continue to be popularized in other places after successful experience. The upcoming Yunnan coal liquefaction plant is expected to have a total investment of 654.38+0.03 billion yuan, and the project construction period is expected to be 4 years. After completion, the annual sales will be 3.4 billion yuan, the annual operating cost will be 790 million yuan, and the annual profit will be 654.38+38 million yuan. Yunnan province is rich in coal resources, but there is a serious shortage of oil and natural gas. Xianfeng lignite is the most suitable coal for direct liquefaction. Among 14 kinds of coal suitable for direct liquefaction tested by China Coal Society, Xianfeng lignite has the best activity, the lowest inert component and the highest conversion rate. Liquefaction is the breakthrough to effectively utilize a large number of lignite resources in Yunnan, and clean coal technology is the development direction, which conforms to the national industrial policy. "Changing coal into oil" will turn Yunnan's coal resource advantage into economic advantage. Once the "coal-to-oil" project can be popularized in the whole province, 65.438+0.5 billion tons of coal in the province can be converted into 3 billion tons of gasoline or diesel, and the output value will exceed 654.38+00 trillion yuan.