1. What are the principles for determining the topic of the article?

The article should meet the needs of social reality and embody the spirit of the times. The spirit of the times refers to the spirit that promotes the progress of the times in a certain historical period and embodies the characteristics and development direction of the times. The theme should grasp the pulse of the times, answer the urgent questions raised by the times and reflect advanced ideas.

We should reflect the truth and essence of objective things. The theme should faithfully reproduce the original appearance of objective things, not stay in the appearance, but profoundly remind the internal regularity of things.

We should consider the author's subjective conditions. This mainly means that the author must be familiar with and understand the writing object, and the author should have the initial feelings and strong writing enthusiasm.

Second, how to correctly refine the theme?

Refining the theme is to use various ways of thinking to dig deep into the internal meaning of the article materials, thus forming some unique ideas or things. The theme of refining should be: 1, based on all materials, and extract the correct ideas from all the materials we have. 2. Explore the essence of things, abandon appearances, explore the inner meaning of things, and reflect the essence and regularity of things. The author should stand at the height of the times, gain insight into the essence of things and deepen the depth of excavation; The author should also consider the expressive functions of different articles such as narration, discussion, explanation and lyricism, and explore the essence of things from different sides. 3. Choose a novel and unique angle to explore the novelty of things. A new angle refers to a new observation angle (exploring the theme from different sides) and a new understanding angle (expressing the author's unique point of view).

Third, briefly describe the relationship between material and theme.

Material is the basis for refining and forming the theme. The theme is refined and determined in the process of analyzing the research materials. The material is primary and the theme is secondary. 2. Materials are the means to express the deep theme, and the theme is expressed or proved by certain materials. 3. The choice and organization of materials are restricted by the theme. When the theme is not formed, the material plays a decisive role in the theme refining; Once the theme is determined, it becomes the most important basis for selecting or arranging materials. The choice, details and transformation of materials should obey the needs of expressing the theme and prevent the material from being out of touch with the theme.

4. What are the basic requirements for material selection?

To meet the needs of the theme. The selection of materials serves to express the theme and cannot be divorced from or contradicted with the theme. 2. Be true and conclusive. The truth of materials refers to the truth in the strict sense and the truth in the essence of things. The authenticity of materials means that they are both accurate and appropriate. 3. Be typical. Typical materials are materials with unity of individuality and generality and unity of concreteness and universality. It is concrete and individual, and can reflect the essential characteristics and universal significance of similar things. 4. Be novel and vivid. The material strives for concrete images and intimate suspense, which is a little-known new discovery and adapts to the stylistic characteristics (the narrative material is concrete and infectious; Argumentative materials are general and logical; The description material should reveal the characteristics of the object.

5. What are the basic requirements of the structure?

Integrity. All parts of the article should form a perfect and unified whole; All parts should be relatively complete, and cannot be incomplete without reason; Each part should occupy an appropriate position in the article. 2. Coherence. It means that all parts of the article are interrelated in the context of the content, and there is a close connection and reasonable transition in the form of language, and the context cannot be disordered and broken. 3. rigidity. There is a close logical connection between the parts of the article, which cannot be contradictory or irrelevant. The full text has inherent cohesion. 4. Flexibility. The article is diverse in structure, lively and not rigid and dull.

Six, try to describe the basic principle of the structure.

Reflect the internal relations and laws of things. The structure of narrative articles is closely related to the stage and order of things' development, forming a concept of time and space that conforms to the original order of objective processes; Argumentative writing reflects the process of understanding things from phenomenon to essence, from part to whole, from analysis to synthesis, and its structure is often to ask questions and draw conclusions. 2, in line with the author's ideas. Thinking is the author's thinking route. The author's thinking process should follow the same law of human thinking, and it also condenses the author's unique understanding and feelings about things. 3. Obey the need to express the theme. 4. Adapt to stylistic features. Structure is restricted by style. Narratives are written in time and space order, and argumentative essays focus on horizontal classification or vertical depth.

Seven, summarize the basic content of the structure.

The content of the structure includes three aspects: hierarchy and paragraph, transition and reference, beginning and end. Hierarchy is a structural unit that expresses meaning by arranging the order of the ideological content of the article as a whole and expanding the structure and steps of the article. A paragraph is a relatively independent structural unit set by the author in the article, from the beginning to the end in the form of a space at the beginning of the paragraph. Paragraphs should be single in meaning, complete in content and moderate in length. Transition refers to the cohesive form or means between paragraphs and levels. Common transition methods are: using related words, using transition names and using transition segments. There are two common situations that require transition: one is when the content changes, and the other is when the expression changes. Reference is a structural means of responding before calling. There are three kinds of common citation situations: beginning and end citation (which can be divided into two types: point citation and problem-solving citation), and mutual citation in citation (which can be divided into two types: far citation and recent photo citation). Citation is an important means to make the structure rigorous and vivid, which can make the composition flexible and dense, connect the context and strengthen the key content.

The function of the beginning of a good article: it is conducive to expressing the theme and expanding ideas; Conducive to attracting and guiding readers. The common opening ways of argumentative essays are to come straight to the point, explain the writing background or motivation, and detour into the topic. The function of the end of a good article: the full text; Unforgettable The main ways to end an argumentative paper are: summarizing or reaffirming the argument; Put forward hope or call; Imagine the ending.

8. What are the types of article structure?

According to the temporal and spatial order of the existence and development of things, the narrative type of the structure can be divided into two types: the normal type and the abnormal type. Argumentative style, taking the internal causal relationship of concepts as the main basis of structure. It can be divided into total score type, parallel column type and progressive type. Descriptive, laid out in the inherent order of things themselves. Comprehensive type, often based on one structural type, supplemented by other types.

9. Comparison between the first-person narrative and the third-person narrative.

The first person narrates things in a tone, which is convenient for the author to fully express his thoughts and feelings and makes people feel cordial and true when reading. Its limitation is that it can only describe what I have seen and heard, rather than what I have experienced, which reflects that the breadth of life is limited. The third person narrates in the third person's tone as an outsider, which is not limited by the narrative scope and can reflect life more widely. Its limitation is the lack of first-person intimacy.

10. What are the common narrative methods?

Sequential narration: Narrating according to the sequence of occurrence and development of characters experience or events. 2. Flashback: A narrative that puts the ending of the event or the prominent fragments in the event in front, and then describes the development process of the event in chronological order. 3. Interpolation: insert another narrative about the event in the narrative process, and then connect with the narrative written by the original main line. 4. Supplementary narrative: To supplement the narrative of previous events without developing the original plot. 5. Simple narrative: a separate parallel narrative of two or more things that happen at the same time.

XI。 Briefly describe the basic requirements of narration.

Explain clearly: explain clearly the time, place, people, events, causes and effects. 2. Clear clues: Clues are the reflection of the author's ideas of organizing materials, and they are the ideas and clues that run through the development of narrative characters and events. Narrative clues can be arranged according to the development of time, the transformation of space, the division of problems, the changes of thoughts and feelings, or according to a specific object and other styles. 3. Appropriate details: describe the primary and secondary details of the material to express the needs of the theme and make reasonable tailoring. 4, ups and downs: refers to the narrative twists and turns, rich in change, fascinating.

12. What are the requirements for description?

1. The purpose is clear: to describe it from the perspective of expressing the theme, portraying the characters and rendering the atmosphere. 2. Outstanding features: use the art of "eye painting" to grasp the essential characteristics of the object to be described and describe it. 3. Both form and spirit: the harmonious unity of form and spirit not only vividly shows the external appearance and modality of the object, but also reveals the internal details and spirit of the described object.

For the guidance of some of the above writing methods, candidates need to understand and deal with them flexibly according to the materials and requirements of the test paper.

How to practice the basic skills of composition

If students want to write a good composition, they should practice the basic skills of composition from an early age.

How to practice the basic skills of composition?

Our predecessors summed up several effective experiences, that is, observing more, reading more, practicing more, thinking more and revising more.

Observe more: that is to say, pay attention to observing life and be a person with a conscience in life. Mr. Lu Xun replied to a letter from Beidou magazine discussing how to write an article. The first one is "Pay attention to all kinds of things, read more books, and don't write it all at once." Pay attention to the people, animals, plants and scenery around you.

Read more: The ancients said, "Reading is like writing a book." As a teenager, you can read and recite some good articles for a long time, and you can also learn some writing methods. Mr. Lu Xun said: "All the great writers who have been evaluated are explaining' how to write' in their works." Mr. Lu Xun also advocated "extensive reading". In addition to reading literary books, he should also read some books on history, geography and scientific and technological knowledge appropriately to increase his knowledge and broaden his horizons. When reading, we should also form serious habits, do not skim, do not require a good understanding, and should strive to read one book at a time.

Practice writing more: As the saying goes, "A good memory is not as good as a bad writing." Now many students start to keep observation diaries and take reading notes, which is very good and should be persisted. The late writer Lao She warned us: "To lay a good foundation, the first step is to learn to remember, and remember one thing every day." "The best trick is to' write every day' and' take a pen every day', even if it is to write dozens of words." Because "after the habit is formed, even if you can't remember it, you can grasp the main points, so that over time, there will be more things in your stomach." If you don't practice or write, your hands will be born; Practice and write more, practice makes perfect.

Think more: Mr. Lao She said, "Read an article and think about it carefully after reading it. A person who can write an article can write several words in one word, and he will find a suitable word to use. When reading an article, if you just read and don't think carefully, you can't appreciate its benefits. " If you want to read articles, you should also think about writing articles. If you pick up a pen, you will write it. As a result, you either write a thousand words beside the point, Wan Li, or you can't write a few words. How can I write such an article well? Think more to be wise, think more to write profound articles, and associate more to write vivid articles.

Revise more: revision is an important part of writing. If writing an article is compared to producing a product, then revision is an indispensable "process" in the production process. Some people say that it makes sense to change the article. Where an article needs to be revised and where it doesn't need to be revised, it is necessary to proceed from reality, add, delete and revise the already written article from many aspects such as conception, material selection, chapter structure, language and punctuation, so as to make the article more perfect, thorough and accurate to reflect the objective reality. Beginners of writing should form the habit of serious revision.

The "five plus" mentioned above is not the "secret" and "trick" of writing, but the common sense that must be known to practice the basic skills of composition.

So, what is the basic skill of composition?

[1] Practice the basic skills of composition-learn to examine questions.

First, check the object.

When the teacher gives the purpose of the question, don't write it in a hurry. You should look at the topic carefully first and understand the requirements of the topic accurately. Whether to write people or take notes; Is it a landscape or something; A diary or a letter? Whether it's reality or imagination ... if these are made clear, the composition will have a basic direction. Some topics are obvious, and you can see them at a glance by writing notes. Such as "My Mom" and "My Dear Teacher", you can tell at a glance that it was written by someone. Another example is "an unforgettable event" and "an event that happened during the summer vacation". You can tell it's a story at a glance. Another example is Beautiful River. You can tell at a glance that it's about the scenery. "Cute puppy", you can tell it's a thing at a glance. "A proposal" belongs to practical writing, and "I am in 22 1 1" belongs to imaginary writing. But some themes, such as "Winter Morning", can not only write scenery, but also record; On the way to school, you can not only write about what happened on the way to school, but also write about the ideological quality of the characters through what happened, that is, write about people.

Second, the scope of the examination.

When reviewing the topic, it is also necessary to make clear what restrictions the topic has on the materials selected by the author in terms of time, space, quantity, object and content. If you don't understand these ranges and ignore the limitation of the topic on a certain aspect, it is easy to stray from the topic when writing. For example, Fragments of Summer Life defines the scope of material selection-summer life; My Good Friend points out the object of narration-a good friend; "Happy Sunday" stipulates the time for selecting materials-Sunday; "Fragrant Mountain" stipulates the location of material selection-Xiangshan; "Remember one thing in primary school life" defines the first thing, not two or three things.

For complex composition topics, we should learn to analyze them from the grammatical structure. For example, "the meaningful life I have experienced" is a complex topic, which includes four requirements:

① The content of the article should be "I";

(2) it is required to write "experienced" a period of life, not just feelings;

(3) it is required to write "life", not just one day or one thing;

(4) it should be meaningful to write about this kind of life, not general and plain.

Examine the scope of the composition, including which style is more suitable for writing. For example, "Be a good polite student", this topic requires writing a short essay to explain clearly why you should be polite; "The new fashion I have seen" requires writing a narrative, specifically describing the new fashion I have seen in society or in school; "How to raise rabbits" requires writing an explanatory article to tell the common sense of raising rabbits; "Notices and Precautions" requires writing an application article to introduce the importance and writing of notices and precautions.

First, it should conform to the ideological content of the article, not "the topic is wrong."

For example, if you want to remember a wonderful football match, but the title of the article is "Little Fans", it is called "the title is wrong" and the "center" has shifted.

Second, we should be specific and have content, not empty and flashy.

For example, it is also an article that expresses the theme of students studying hard. I love reading. Books grow with me better than books. Books are the ladder of human progress. I love books. The former is concrete and the latter is empty.

First, the examination questions

This is the first thing to do in writing a composition. Otherwise, it will directly lead to "irrelevant" and "a thousand words in writing, digressing Wan Li". How can I do well in the exam? According to the usual forms of composition topics, they can generally be divided into two categories: propositional composition and material composition. The examination of proposition composition is to examine the specific requirements of a given article to determine the topic, the intention of the topic, the requirements beyond the topic, and the "eye of the topic". Through the examination of the questions, the content range, time range, quantity range, character range and place range of the composition are defined. Can't exceed the given range. The examination of material composition should be grasped from two aspects: one is inseparable from the ideological content of materials, and the other is closely related to the requirements of composition form.

1. Proposition composition

Let's focus on the examination of propositional composition and the places that need attention.

Determine the content scope

Some topics define the content of writing. Therefore, when reviewing the topic, we should determine the content scope of the topic: remember who people should remember; Narration, what to say; What scenery people should write about; Things, things to like, and so on.

Second, the idea

Intention is to determine the theme of the article and clarify the central idea to be embodied in the article. The idea of the article is to have a foundation for refining life and try to reflect some fundamental things in life. In order to achieve this goal, we must strive to be correct, centralized, novel and profound.

1. Correct

Correct conception is the basic requirement of composition. We often hear that so-and-so articles are thoughtful, which mainly depends on the depth of the author's creative thinking. Generally speaking, the intention of our composition should be positive and healthy, strive to reflect the essential content of life, and have certain social universality. In other words, the theme of the article should be recognized or actively advocated by everyone.

Third, the proposed topic

Drafting the title of an article is the first thing to be determined before writing a composition, just as we have to "make up our minds" before starting to do something. The title of the article can reflect the starting point and motivation of writing. Through the title of the article, readers can basically understand the theme and main content of the article. The proposed topic of the article should be highly concise, accurate and vivid, so as to attract people's attention and interest.

According to the needs of expressing content, the topics to be selected in the article can be roughly divided into the following categories. When writing, everyone can use it flexibly according to the actual situation.

Fourth, material selection

Material selection is material selection. No matter what article you write, it is very necessary to choose the materials you need. Just like building a house, we should fully consider what wood, stone, cement, brick and so on to use in advance. At the same time, we should carefully calculate the amount of various materials, without which we can't build a house; It's no use wasting too much. In addition, the selected materials should be appropriate, which is helpful to show the structural function and image effect of the house.

If you use materials at will, you will eventually build a black house like a train skin. Although strong, no one will like it. In the same way, the purpose of carefully selecting materials before writing is to explain the problem and make it vivid and attractive.

Therefore, before writing, in the face of many available materials, we should make appropriate choices, leave vivid and representative ones, and get rid of general ones; Through the effective combination of important and vivid materials, the purpose of the composition is realized, that is, the theme is deeply expressed by "economic" means.

Composition selection should pay attention to the following five aspects:

Choose familiar materials.

Familiar material is the material that the author knows clearly and feels deeply.

Only when the materials are familiar can you make full use of them, be familiar with them and make you handy. If the situation is unfamiliar and the substance is unclear, how can I tell others? This kind of material, even if used stiffly in your article, will not receive good results, and it will appear mechanical and incoherent later. This problem is easy to understand, and of course everyone doesn't want to do that.

First, the composition should learn to accumulate.

The ancient summaries of "Reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "A clever woman can't cook without rice" illustrate the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects. "Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room.

(A) language to establish a "vocabulary". Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups. There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": the first is reading. Usually, you should read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook, or make reading cards. The second is life. At ordinary times, we should capture the fresh language in the popular spoken language and write it down in a small notebook or card that we carry with us. Over time, we can say it chapter by chapter and write it beautifully.

(2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. Because many students usually don't pay attention to accumulating materials, they are worried every time they write a composition, or edit or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials. Usually, you can take a video camera and tape recorder with you, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record your experiences in family life, campus life and social life in time in the form of sketching, keeping a diary and writing observation notes. When recording, we should grasp the details and the characteristics of people, things, things and scenery. The article written in this way is flesh and blood.

(3) We should strengthen ideological accumulation. Opinion is the soul of an article. The center of the article is not clear, or the thought is not profound, which often shows that the author's thought is superficial. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful. "One more miss, one more gain." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "how" when something happens. So you can see the essence through the phenomenon. It is also necessary to record the "sparks" of thinking and the conclusions of thinking at any time. The second is compilation, that is, extracting famous sayings and aphorisms.

In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be regularly counted, sorted and classified to continuously enrich and expand.

Second, learn to observe before writing a good composition.

Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points when answering the question of "how to write good articles" for young artists: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "seeing more" means observing more. This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing.

Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise your own observation, as if it were second nature. " It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and remarkable.

Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time. This is the process of observation, and the following points should be paid attention to in the process of observation:

(a) Observation should not be limited to "eyes". Broadly speaking, more practical observation refers to mobilizing all the five senses of people: listening with ears, feeling with the body and, more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that the observation will be more delicate and profound.

(2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is better than bad writing. Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things.

(3) Pay special attention to perseverance in observation. Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles.

Learning to observe plays a great role in laying the foundation and promoting a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write. May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice.

Third, the meaning is high, and the text wins.

Intention is to establish the center and intention of the article. So what problems should the article pay attention to when expounding ideas?

(A) the idea should be correct

Correctness is the first meaning of the article. The so-called correctness is to ensure that the feelings and thoughts of the article are correct, in line with the nature and laws of objective things, in line with China's basic political principles, in line with people's basic moral requirements, and can give people positive inspiration.

(2) single-minded.

"The problem of composition is more expensive than being single. Specialization is fine, and dispersion is stupid. " No matter how complicated things are, the main idea cannot be dispersed. An article should explain both this problem and that point of view, and it is ambiguous to ramble. In fact, if you want to cover everything, it is definitely not in place. Moreover, an article can only have one center. Instead of "biting off more than one can chew", it is better to concentrate on expressing a center with pen and ink. Even if we express the center through several things, we should stick to the center, keep the same goal, pay attention to the combination of materials and centers, and let all the forces contained in materials point to the center.

(c) Ideas should be novel.

The article is the most taboo to echo others' opinions, and the novel angle is the core of composition innovation. The novelty of the idea requires jumping out of the old box and not following the advanced thinking, habitual thinking or the original psychological formula, but examining the alternative content contained in the topic from a unique perspective to avoid what others often write and what others have not written. Even if the same writing object can always be cut in from multiple angles, as long as we break the mindset, stand at the height of the times, avoid "vulgarity" and seek "difference", think from multiple angles and sides, or associate, expand, analogize or reverse, and build your most beautiful rainbow in the colorful sky.

(4) be profound.

Profound conception means that the established theme is not the superficial truth that people are familiar with, but to look at the essence through the phenomenon and dig deeper meaning.