Bourgeois reform movement. Its main content is to abolish the vassal state politically, eliminate feudal separatism and strengthen centralization.
Economically, land reform and local tax reform are implemented, and a series of policies to protect and support capitalist industry and commerce are implemented. For example, handing over a business to a private company.
Camp; Issue interest-free loans to capitalists; Unified currency; It is forbidden to set up checkpoints everywhere; Trade associations that cancel businessmen's patents, etc. Declare justice militarily
Military service system, the establishment of a modern standing army, training according to western methods, and bushido spiritual education for officers and men. Meiji Restoration promoted the development of productive forces.
Exhibition, so that Japan from becoming a colony of western capitalism, successfully embarked on the road of developing capitalism, and quickly rose to the eastern capital.
A powerful country. 〔%〕
The success of Meiji Restoration in Japan inspired the advanced intellectuals in China. After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War, China faced the problem of being cheated by imperialism.
In the severe national crisis, they set off the bourgeois reform movement in China, represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
The patriotic political movement led by class reformers tried to save the country from danger. Need%; In C$ year, "writing on the bus" was the beginning, reaching%; c；
On August, Emperor Guangxu issued the imperial edict of "Ding Mingshi Kingdom", which formed the climax of the Hundred Days Reform. Kang Liang's basic proposition is: open parliament politically and formulate a constitution.
Method, replace the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy, and implement the rule of the monarch and the people; Economically, we advocate vigorously setting up industries and implementing policies conducive to the development of capitalism.
Policy, replace the backward feudal mode of production with advanced capitalist mode of production; Culturally abolish the imperial examination system of stereotyped writing for scholars, and mention
Advocating science and setting up new schools; Militarily, it was established to make weapons and improve the navy and army. 〔! China's reformists took the Meiji Restoration as the blue color.
Ben, plan social reform. However, the Reform Movement of 1898 did not bring hope to China. Under the pressure of feudal diehard forces, it finally returned.
Failing.
Both are bourgeois reforms, but the results are completely different. The main reasons are:
First, the preconditions are different. The premise of bourgeois reform is to overthrow the feudal system. In this regard, China's letter
Construction forces are much stronger than Japanese feudal forces, and bourgeois forces are much weaker than Japan. Before the reform of Ming smelting in Japan, feudalism
Crises abound and the feudal camp is sharply divided. The rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, a stubborn force, has been crumbling under the repeated blows of the peasant uprising.
Fall apart. Other southwest governors, from the names of governors to the lower samurai and a group of court nobles, all deviated from the shogunate and turned to capitalism. this
Sample, emerging landlords, businessmen, middle and lower class warriors formed an ending alliance, advocating the overthrow of the Tokugawa era, owning an army, and its strength far exceeded that of Israel.
Feudal stubborn forces represented by Tokugawa shogunate. The Meiji government is actually a joint dictatorship of the landlord and the bourgeoisie, so a New Deal representing the interests of the bourgeoisie is possible. During the Reform Movement of 1898 in China, the feudal system, which lasted for two thousand years, played an important role in politics, economy and culture.
And other fields occupy an absolute dominant position, forming a complete feudal system and deeply rooted. We should break this feudalism in China.
The Internet is undoubtedly much more difficult than Japan. At that time, there was only one emperor in the ruling group who advocated reform, headed by Cixi.
The die-hards still hold power, and the feudal system has not been touched at all. Moreover, the capitalist economic foundation was very weak at that time, and the national bourgeoisie.
The level is very weak, and its upper representatives Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao have serious weakness and lack the courage to completely oppose imperialism and feudalism. In a place like this.
In this case, the New Deal is bound to be difficult to implement.
Second, the methods and approaches of reform are different. Japanese reformists know how to destroy the old feudal regime by violence, and they use the lower classes.
The people's power overthrew the feudal rule of the Tokugawa shogunate through the civil war, established a new regime of joint dictatorship of the landlord and bourgeoisie, and then shipped it.
Use the power of political power to carry out top-down reforms. This is actually an incomplete bourgeois revolution. On the contrary, reformers in China don't think so.
Understand the importance of violence, completely unarmed, hostile and afraid of the people's revolution. Therefore, the Reform Movement of 1898 was only known by a few bourgeoisie.
The isolated activities of intellectuals did not rely on the strength of the masses, the cooperation of peasant uprisings, or the use of force against diehard forces.
Stop. Without a single soldier in his hand, he had to turn to Yuan Shikai, a feudal warlord, in an emergency and was betrayed again. On the contrary, Empress Dowager Cixi used force as a weapon.
Backed by it, he launched a palace coup, easily imprisoned Guangxu and killed the reformists. Imperialists and reformers are powerless to fight back, so they have to do nothing.
Third, the international environment in which they live is also different. The Meiji Restoration in Japan was carried out under extremely favorable international conditions. At that time, the world capital owner
Justice is still in the stage of liberal capitalism. The American civil war has just ended and there is no power to interfere in Japan's internal affairs; Britain and France put themselves
In the Far East, the focus was on China, whose troops were transferred from Japan to suppress the Taiping Revolution. Other western powers have their own views on Japan.
Plan, and therefore failed to take joint intervention. The Japanese reformists seized this favorable opportunity, which can be said to be almost effortless.
The resistance of the world, the reform movement can be carried out smoothly. The international environment in which the Reform Movement of 1898 in China took place was extremely sinister. while
At that time, world capitalism had entered the stage of imperialism, and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 further opened the door to China. Imperialism swarmed in and set off a craze for eating melons.
China's fanaticism. In this situation, any change in China's political situation will touch the interests of imperialism in China, and they will never.
Stand by and watch. Therefore, China's Reform Movement of 1898 encountered great external resistance, even if it was not suppressed by the feudal die-hards, it would be suppressed by the emperor.
Nationalist interference, because imperialism will never give up the political, economic and diplomatic power it gained in China, and will never let China become an independent nation.
A country with complete sovereignty. In this case, it is only an illusion that the reformists want to rely on the support of imperialism for political reform.
The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 shows that it is not feasible to blindly copy the reform models and experiences of other countries without considering the reality of China. Only yige
Only by thoroughly destroying the feudal system and persisting in opposing imperialism can we save the nation from peril and realize the independence and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.