In the Northern Song Dynasty, Qin Guan and Yan shared the same sentimental personality temperament, and both of them created many lyric poems that hurt themselves and others, reflecting the elegant and graceful style. Therefore, Feng Xu, a Qing man, pointed out in On Haoan Ci: "Huaihai and the mountains are really sad in ancient times." However, after reading the text carefully, we find that Qin Guan's "sadness" is more integrated into the social content, which expresses the poet's deep and complicated sadness of falling into party struggle and being relegated. Feng Xu's "Selected Poems of Sixty-one Poets in Song Dynasty" summarizes his life experience and creative style: "Travel less with dusty talents, and be proud of winning early;" And when I went to the south, I lost my soul treasure. Therefore, the words he wrote are rich in life experience, elegant and affectionate, drunk without chaos, and Xiaoya is sad; After the Lord, there is only one person. "

1 overview of Qin Guan's sentimental ci creation

Qin Guan (1049-1110) was a native of Gaoyou, Yangzhou, and later changed his name to "Little Travel". When he was young, he was smart, well-read and ambitious, and traveled to Huzhou, Hangzhou, Runzhou and other places, which fully demonstrated his uninhibited personality and feelings. Qin Guan has been concerned about state affairs since he was a teenager. The first year of Xining (1068), 2 1 year. Because he witnessed the tragic situation of the people suffering from floods, he wrote Fu on Floating Mountains and Weirs, expressing deep sympathy for the people's suffering. In order to resist the intrusion of Liao and Xia Dynasties, he studied the art of war and wrote "Guo Ziyi Riding Alone to See Rufu", and through the praise of heroes, he pinned his lofty ideals and ambitions.

In the tenth year of Xining, Su Shi moved from Mizhou to Xuzhou, and Qin Guan made a special trip to pay his respects and wrote a poem: "Don't be Wan Huhou alone, you should know Xuzhou, Suzhou." ("my bachelor's degree in war") is extremely dumped. The following year, at the request of Su Shi, he thanked an essay "Fu of Huang Mansion", and Su Shi praised it as "flexible and talented in Song Dynasty" [1]. During this period, Qin Guan and Su Shi traveled together in Pengteng, Wujiang, Huzhou and Huiji, and forged a lifelong friendship. Under the persuasion of Su Shi, Qin Guan began to study hard and actively prepared to take part in the scientific examination; Unfortunately, I failed twice in Sun Shan. Su Shi was wronged and encouraged to write poems. In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), when Su Shi passed by Jiangning, he strongly recommended Qin Guan's talent to Wang Anshi, and later wrote a book saying, "I hope you can borrow less teeth and gain weight on earth." [2] Wang Anshi also praised Qin Guan's poem "Fresh as a treasure, fresh as a thank you" [3] With the encouragement of two literary predecessors, Qin Guan was determined to go to Beijing again to take the exam, and boarded the examination room the following year, ending his career of "walking Wan Li Road and staying for decades" ("Qing Ci after Emperor Deng"). After Qin Guanchu was admitted to the Jinshi, he was appointed as the main book of Dinghai and transferred to Professor Cai Zhou. In the seventh year of Yuan You, Su Shi was recalled from Yangzhou, and became a bachelor, an academician, and a minister of rites. Qin Guan was transferred to the editor of the National History Museum, and worked with Huang Tingjian, Chao, and others in the history museum. He was called the "Four Bachelor of Sumen". During Qin Guan's stay in Beijing, he lived with his teachers and friends, and his spirit was pleasant. However, due to his large population and poor life, "Spring clothes are not for wine, and poor people eat porridge for a long time" ("History of Spring Money"), so they have to rely on friends for help. What makes him feel in a dilemma is the lonely and dangerous political situation in the whirlpool of old and new party struggles.

During the reign of Zhezong Yuanyou, most politicians were old party member, but their internal factional struggles were extremely fierce. Su Shi, the leader of Shu Party, and his "Four Scholars of Su Men" can objectively and fairly evaluate the ideas of the old and new parties from the perspective of people's livelihood and national interests. Qin Guan has submitted 30 articles to the court, covering the country, governance, talents, law, financial use, border defense and so on. In view of the internal and external troubles at that time, various specific reform strategies were put forward. In the article "Governing the Current Situation", he made a pertinent analysis of Wang Anshi's political reform, and thought that the new law was a good strategy to save the country and the people, but the law enforcers overcorrected it, resulting in some abuses. He also disagreed with Sima Guang's ruling to abolish the new law, thinking that it was also a choking act. In the fierce political situation of party struggle and disagreement, these views are obviously out of date. Moreover, due to the close relationship between Qin Guan and Su Shi, it is hard to escape the slander and criticism between factions. "There is an eagle disaster on the top and a yellow dog on the bottom" ("Walking with Pei Zhongmo to Release Rabbits") just shows that his heart is shrouded in the shadow of unexpected party disasters and full of dangerous fears.

Shao Shengyuan (1049), new party figures Zhang Jiao and Cai Jing came to power, and Su Shi and Qin Guan were demoted together. Before leaving Bianjing, Qin Guan revisited Jinming Pool in the west of the city, remembering the present and remembering the past, and was deeply touched, so he wrote "Jiangchengzi" with a mournful pen:

Willow trees in the west city make spring soft. Stay away from troubles. Tears can't be collected. I still remember my enthusiasm for returning to the boat. In the days of Bi Ye Zhu Qiao, people disappeared and the water flowed in vain. Youth is not for teenagers. Hate you. When do you rest? As soon as the flying catkins fell, they went upstairs. Being by the river, I can't stop crying and have a lot on my mind.

The willows in Xicheng fiddled with the soft branches of the spring breeze, which also touched the poet's sadness and made him cry. Recalling the past, he likes to drink and write poems with his close friends by the pool in Jin Ming. However, nowadays, "people don't see, water flows in vain", and the feeling of infinite melancholy is beyond words. The following films directly express the sadness of fleeting youth, and in essence entrust the poet with the sadness that he will be exiled and leave Beijing. Take a break, turn this deep sadness into tears by the river, and further vent the pain of heartbroken.

Qin Guan was first the judge of Hangzhou, and later he was demoted to the tax of tea, salt and wine in Zhangzhou. When he was in Chuzhou, in order to relieve his worries and boredom, he often went to Buddhist temples to talk about Zen with monks, copied Buddhist scriptures for monks, and wrote a poem, "Write 70,000 words of Amitabha Buddha according to incense" ("Fahai Ping Li Title"). Unexpectedly, because of these two poems, political opponent Luo Zhi was accused of "writing Buddhist books" and moved to Chenzhou. When Qin Guan passed through Hengyang, he was warmly received by the magistrate Kong of Hengzhou, and immediately copied Qianqiu Nian in the state:

In shallow water, outside the bar, the early spring in the suburbs quietly receded. The flowers on the branches, under the beautiful light of the lights, are like the ground and bounce slightly. Liu Ying's flowers, the lightness turns, are heard too fast and too thin. Oh, wandering alone, worrying that the wine is getting thinner, it is rare to get drunk. Missing day after day, body and mind have been burned to ashes. Friends and friends, all the way to obstruct, in front of the Long Yun garden, late evening, relative. Storks and herons fly together. Hand in hand, who is here today? Ah, the ship goes around the sun and the moon, and the dream is broken, only the bronze mirror, and the rosy face is gone. Spring is gone, flying red like the sea!

The first part of the work is a beautiful spring scene, followed by the meanings of "falling" and "leaving", revealing a deep moving sadness. The next film compares the past and the present, and recalls the joy of the night banquet in Bianjing Xichi. Now it's all gone, and no one is spared. "Hand in hand, who is coming today?" Between the lines of the rhetorical question, there is a sharp accusation against the Yuan You Party. The poet was expelled from the imperial court, his political ideal was shattered, and his youthful appearance was aging. All these grievances and grievances prompted him to give a deep sigh: "Spring has gone and spring has come, flying red like the sea!" " It not only means that the spring of nature is passing away, but also implies that the spring of life is gone forever. This sentence is sadder than Li Houzhu's "ask the gentleman". Just like a river flowing eastward "(Yu Meiren) is heavier and more tragic, which gives vent to the infinite sadness in the poet's heart. According to Zeng Minxing, a poet in the Song Dynasty, when Confucius read this word, he couldn't help thinking, "What's so sad about words? He also said: "Qin Shaoyou's appearance and personality are unusual, and he will die soon." . Ceng Bu also said: "Chyi Chin will die soon." . Is there a' sea of troubles' to survive? "[4] These stories are enough to show that the word Qin Guan reveals amazing grief and indignation.

When Qin Guan marched on Chenzhou Road in late autumn, he suddenly felt that Xiao Suo was hurting himself when he saw hungry mice chasing after the rotten wall. Tun wrote the fine print "Like a Dream":

The night is as heavy as water, and the wind is tight and the pavilion is closed. The dream breaks the mouse and peeps at the lamp, but the frost sends Han Xiao to invade. No sleep, no sleep, Ma Si people are outside.

The poet is in a foreign land, staying alone in the post station, the night is as heavy as water, the autumn wind is rustling, and there is a desolate and deserted scene everywhere. This bleak scene just reflects the poet's gloomy and deep melancholy. The word "broken" means weakness and loneliness, while the word "peeped" means cold environment. "first frost sent Han Xiao to invade the quilt", and the words "send" and "invade" show the coolness of people's bones and muscles in great detail. Ma Si was outside the door, and the insomniac poet became more and more uneasy and worried.

Since then, Qin Guan has been transferred to Hengzhou and Leizhou. In these short years, he was demoted, dismissed and demoted again and again, and he was reduced from an ordinary relegated minister to a rogue. The continuous heavy blow made his mood more and more sentimental. At the end of Fu Yuan's second year (1099), he was in Leizhou, as if it was the end of the world, with no friends and deep despair. He actually wrote "Wan Ci" to express that "the strange disaster happened once, but it fell on the Sri Lankan people" and "the poisonous disaster happened again and again. How could he know?" As another cloud says, "My hometown is in Wan Li, and my wife is separated. Lonely souls dare not return, but they are still there. " I died in a foreign land, and even my soul dared not go east to see my relatives. I can imagine the pain of my mood!

In his long career of relegation, Qin Guan suffered the setbacks of hard life and political blows from all directions alone, but he always maintained a patient and noble character and sentiment. The endless yearning for his relatives in his hometown has become his sustenance for comforting his lonely soul. Qin Guan has a high post and belongs to Yangzhou. In his youth, he often traveled to Yangzhou, more than a hundred miles away, and wrote the famous sentence "Looking at the Tide of the Sea", which rendered the magnificent momentum of Yangzhou City in the past and Gao Fushuai today from all directions. In his roaming experience since then, he often recalled the beautiful scenery of Yangzhou and expressed his thoughts about his hometown. For example, Dreaming of Yangzhou (Harvest in Late Clouds) uses colorful language to write homesickness, and takes a short break to shoot three sentences: "Good feelings will hinder, leaving feelings will be chaotic, dreaming of Yangzhou diligence", which points out the theme of homesickness. But the "dream" at this time is mainly limited to the tenderness and sweetness in the beautiful scenery of talented people and beautiful women. Since being relegated, the hometown in Qin Guan's ci has become the spiritual home that wanderers are eagerly looking forward to. In Ruan Langgui's next film (The Beginning of Cold in Hunan), he wrote: "The dream of hometown is broken and the soul is lonely. Except in troubled times. There are also geese delivering books in Hengyang. Yang Chen and Yan Wu. " On New Year's Eve, the poet stayed alone in Chenzhou Guest House, and his homesickness became more and more unbearable. But life experience is wandering, and it is difficult to return to my hometown. The feeling of pain is beyond words, and the sadness without wild geese is even more difficult to release. In the bitter days when there was no news of relatives in his hometown, Qin Guan expressed his concern for his wife and children more and more sadly. In Dream, he recalled the miserable image of his wife's "red makeup and sleeves dyed" when she left, and thought of her gaunt state of "selling jade and flowers" after she left. The author can't help but sigh: "Heartbroken. Heartbroken. People are far away. " Directly express the deep sadness across the horizon. Qin Guan also "combines the feelings of life experience with eroticism" [5], and his words "Eighty-six sons" borrowed the bitter acacia after lovers left, which condensed his sad and bumpy career. The whole work has been cold and lonely, and the style has become more and more painful and desolate.

During his painful exile, Qin Guan pursued the road of spiritual liberation, which was reflected in his ci, that is, his yearning for the realm of "Taoyuan". When he was far away in Chenzhou, he often used sentences like "I can't find a foothold in Taoyuan" ("Walking on the sand") and "Taoyuan Road, I want to return the oar" ("Drum flute is slow") to lament that the future of life is bleak and spiritual liberation is difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, he always tries his best to describe the realm of "Taoyuan" in his poems. For example, the last piece of "A Good Thing and a Dream" reads: "Spring brings rain and flowers, and spring brings flowers to move mountains. Going deep into the stream, there are thousands of orioles. " The poet's dream is absolutely like the scene described at the beginning of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden. For example, "Peach Blossom Lips": "Drunken canoe, letter flow leads to deep flowers. The fate of dust is wrong. I have no intention of living among flowers. Smoke and water are boundless, and the setting sun is thousands of miles away. There are countless mountains. As red as rain. I don't remember the way. " It also includes a lot of contents from the Peach Blossom Garden. However, although Qin Guan admired Tao Yuanming's lofty realm of quietness and peace, his bones were always filled with the grievances and melancholy of Liu Zongyuan's emigrant poet. His yearning and pursuit for the realm of "Taoyuan" is to find a distant and quiet spiritual home in the cold real world, and finally get spiritual comfort and balance.

It can be seen that the sadness in Qin Guan's ci mainly comes from social oppression and political blow. The author was forced by party struggle, exiled, away from the pain of relatives, and confined to the fate of a lonely house. All these sufferings have seriously destroyed the poet's body and mind, and his works reveal more and more complex sentimental feelings, and his style of ci has also changed from gentle and subtle in the early days to sad and beautiful. Feng Xu accurately revealed the profound influence of moving south on Qin Guan's life thought and creative style in Hao An Lun Zi, and pointed out the spiritual essence of Qin Guan's ci with great accuracy: "Only what others say is talent; Less lines, the heart of the word is also. " Most of other people's ci works are used to show off their talents, and few people express their real life feelings in colorful words; Qin Guan, on the other hand, used his whole heart to write lyrics, expressing his bumpy life experience and painful emotional experience through the artistic form of lyrics, thus producing a particularly real and touching lyric effect.

2 the artistic characteristics of Qin Guan's sentimental words

Qin Guan showed a unique aesthetic realm in the artistic expression of sentimental words.

First of all, in the choice of images and the creation of artistic conception, Qin Guan's ci works are good at describing the quiet and cold natural landscape images, expressing the deep sorrow and great pain of the exiled poets, and creating a bleak and miserable "realm of me". [6] masterpiece is written during his exile in Chenzhou "towards the sand":

The fog is gone, the moon is gone, and Taoyuan is nowhere to be found. The lonely pavilion closes the moon in Joan Hinton, and the cuckoo sounds in the setting sun. Plum blossoms are mailed. This hatred has no weight. Fortunately, Chen Qiang bypassed Chen Shan. Who did he go to Xiaoxiang for?

This poem profoundly expresses the poet's exile, bleak future, loneliness and homesickness. Especially in the last two sentences, because of the scenery, I expressed my helplessness and indignation at being far away from the imperial court and letting go of the secular world. After Qin Guan died of illness, Su Shi specially wrote these two poems on a fan and wrote an inscription: "It is enough to swim less, although ten thousand people can't redeem them!" [7] Almost all the feelings in this poem are revealed through the characteristic scenery description, and in the scenery description, a series of clumsy words are used to express the poet's uncontrollable sadness more deeply. The words "lost" and "lost" in the first three sentences describe the scenery on the surface, but in essence they contain the author's confusion and disappointment about the future of life; The word "hope to break" shows the situation of longing for hope and eventually losing it. The sentence "Kan Kan" is highly praised by Wang Guowei. He believes that "it is the saddest to travel less in the poetic realm, and it becomes sad when it comes to' the lonely pavilion in Kekan is closed in spring and the cuckoo is singing at dusk'." [8] Qin Guan is especially good at setting colors according to feelings and expressing feelings through scenery. He skillfully combined these typical images with strong sadness, such as lonely pavilion, cold spring, cuckoo sound and sunset, and further strengthened the expression of melancholy with such awkward words as "comparable" and "off". The word "build by laying bricks or stones" at the beginning of the next movie is extremely sad. Letters and bunches of plum blossoms are like pieces of rocks full of parting hatred, which are built up layer by layer and suppressed in the poet's heart. The latter two sentences are connected with the function words of "rejoice for yourself" and "rejoice for whom", which shows the infinite sadness and despair after being hit by politics and experiencing the vicissitudes of the world. Therefore, Qin Guan always reflects his inner sadness through the cold and sad scenery outside, thus creating a beautiful and touching artistic realm. It is precisely because of the poet's strong sadness in his heart that he often writes "unreasonable and wonderful" idiots in his words, which more truly conveys the anguish that is difficult to get rid of. He has many famous sayings to express his sorrow and hate, such as "leaning on a dangerous building, hating like dirt, suffering beyond words, still existing" (Eight Six Sons), "Spring has gone and spring has come, flying red like the sea" and "Spring River is full of tears, endless flow and endless worries", which is different from "flying flowers are as light as a dream and endless rain is as thin as sorrow" in his early poems.

Secondly, in the aspect of palm structure, Qin Guan was influenced by Liu Yong and created a large number of slow characters. However, he can bring the subtle charm in the lyrics into the long tune of slow words, thus making up for the shortcomings of Liu Yong's simple and monotonous lyric and ups and downs. For example, Looking at the Tide:

Plum shadows are sparse, ice melts, and the east wind is dark for years. Jingu Junyou, Bronze Camel Lane, Sunny and Fine Stepping Sand. Remember to follow the wrong car. I am a butterfly dance, and I have a lot of thoughts. Liu Xia peach, spring scenery gives people. Drinking at night in the West Garden makes people sing. Lanterns hinder the moon, and flying covers hinder the flowers. Lanyuan is not empty, pedestrians are getting old, so it's a pity to start again. The flag of alcohol and tobacco is tilted. But when you lean on your eyes, you will see a crow. Helpless return to the heart, dark with the water to the end of the world.

The first two paragraphs of the word represent seasonal scenery. The plum blossom falls at the beginning, followed by the sentence "East Wind", which contains the wonder of how time flies. The phrase "golden valley" describes a trip, and "new sunny stepping on the sand" means that the weather is harmonious and the tourists are leisurely. A "long record" touched the scene and suddenly recalled the past. From then on, to the next movie "Climbing over the eaves to prevent flowers", I recalled the grand occasion of the happy tour that day. The following "Orchid Garden" is painful today, turning secrets into sparse, feeling ethereal and tearful. Seeing wine flags, crows, running water and other images can cause poets to sigh that people are different and romantic. Finally, I ended up homesick, which is quite a bit of a feeling of looking around. Such long-tune works are not straightforward and unobstructed, but pay attention to inner coherence and emotional flow, and express the poet's complex and profound feelings in a tortuous way through the adoption and change of images. Therefore, Zhang Yan's "Etymology" evaluates Qin Ci as "elegant in system, long in spirit, continuous in beauty, chewed without me, and known for a long time".

Thirdly, Qin Guan's Ci has the characteristics of implicit beauty. He pursues the exquisite beauty of images by taking images and setting up Ci, and paints natural scenery, mostly flying swallows, west Western jackdaw, weeping willows, fragrant grass, sunset, waning moon, distant villages, smoke houses and so on. Imitation building objects are back room, solitary pavilion, painted screen, silver candle and so on. With gentle brushstrokes, he scrutinized and modified the words in his poems, and conveyed the hazy artistic conception with delicate and concise rhetoric. Zhao Zunyue, a close friend, commented on the wonderful words used in Qin Guan's ci, saying: "Huaihai is dazzling in beauty, such as' in the east wind, the bamboo door reflects the willow, and it is small to depress',' reflecting',' depressing' and' small', which drives the quality to be sparse and beautiful, and people see its demeanor."

3 the historical value of Qin Guan's sentimental words

Qin Guan's sentimental ci works have formed a lyric paradigm with great influence in the history of ci. Before him, Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu wrote elegant ci of famous officials, and Yan wrote sentimental ci of declining sons with ethereal pen. Liu's taste is vulgar, and Su Dongpo's ci is not "true color" or "suitable for action", which cannot be understood and accepted by the majority of scholars. The appearance of Qin Guan has become the object of universal imitation. Born in the lower class, he suffered a heavy political blow and was exiled repeatedly, which almost epitomized the tragic fate of many lower-class literati in China feudal society. Qin Guan, with his graceful and graceful poems, conveyed the sadness of the broad masses of literati, so he was widely respected and praised.

In the evolution of Ci, Qin Guan made a very outstanding contribution. Chen Tingzhuo's "White Jade Zhai Thorn" Volume 1 pointed out: "Qin Shaoyou is a self-starter, he is close to success, guiding him; The distant ancestors Wen and Wei have changed their words, taking their gods instead of attacking their appearance. But it does not lose its correctness, so that the discussant does not get sick and does not change, but turns to those who have to change. " Qin Guan learned from Liu Yong's slow words and was laughed at by his teacher Su Shi. However, on the basis of Liu Yong's slow ci creation, he conducted more in-depth research and tempering, which made his slow ci creation mature. Sun Jing's Preface to Zhu Po's Old Man said: "Su Dongpo's ci is better than emotion, Liu Yiqing's emotion is better than words, and all emotions win, only Qin Shaoyou." The Summary of the Four Encyclopedias, also known as Qin Ci, is superior to Su and Huang. The so-called "combination of emotion and sentiment" and "combination of emotion and rhyme" means that Qin Guan is good at using smooth and clear rules, graceful and elegant words and melodious rhymes, integrating scenes with harmonious artistic conception, and expressing his sadness incisively and vividly. The composition and syntax of Qin Guan's ci are sparse, and the writing is particularly elegant and exquisite. When this effort developed to Zhou Bangyan, it paid more attention to the carving and sketching of metrical patterns, the dense combination of images and the extensive use of previous poems. The creation system of slow words is more complete, the techniques are more complex, and it is more and more cultural and technical. This also led to the transformation of Song Ci from natural beauty to artificial beauty, and the progress of this technique also dispelled the vitality of Ci. Zhou Ji evaluates the morphological differences in the Qin and Zhou Dynasties and points out: "Those who travel less are the most harmonious and mellow, and those who travel less are the most spicy. Less travel is implicit, like flowers blooming, so less pens. " [9] Lou Jingsi also said: "Huaihai Ci has a high style, such as red plum as a flower, which can win by rhyme, but it is also unhealthy for halal." [10] Qin Guan connected exquisite and elegant characters in series with smooth composition, which made the characters more elegant than Liu Yong, instead of plain and obscure like Zhou Bangyan. Instead, it incorporates skills and does not show off skills. This is an appropriate and appropriate artistic beauty, which has been widely loved by the vast number of appreciators and achieved a prominent position in the history of Ci. Li De's Poems of Rain Village

References:

[1] Song Shi Zhonghua Book Company 1999 Edition, Volume 444, Page 10205

[2] Su Shi's Suggestions on Wang Shaoyou, Zhonghua Book Company.

[3] The History of Song Dynasty Zhonghua Book Company 1999 Edition, Volume 444, Page 10205.

[4] Once upon a time, "Zhou Zhai Shi Hua" Shanghai Bookstore 1999 Edition No.413 Page.

[5] Zhou Ji's Selected Poems of Song Sijia Zhonghua Book Company 1986 Edition 1652 Page.

[6] Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" Zhonghua Book Company 1986 Edition, p. 4245.

[7] Interpretation of Hui Hong's "Cold Nightmare" Shanghai Bookstore Press 1999 Edition, p. 98.

[8] Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" Zhonghua Book Company 1986 Edition.

[9] Zhou Ji's Selected Poems of Song Sijia Zhonghua Book Company 1986 Edition 1643 Page.

[10] Zhang Zong Linz Chronicle Chengdu Ancient Books Bookstore 1982 Edition