Crapoulos, a German sinologist studying in France and a university sinology course, attended the lecture when he opened a sinology course in Paris, France in 2004. Klapp Lott (1783─ 1835) studied Chinese at the age of 14, worked as an interpreter when he was sent to China in golovkin, Russia at the age of 2/kloc-0, and also studied Mongolian and Manchu in Chaktu. 18 15 Crapoulos arrived in Paris to study sinology. 1828, Crapoulos translated and published the Manchu version of The Emperor's Sensation in French. 1833 published the paper "Taoism Religion in China" in French. It can be considered that Crapoulos was the first German sinologist to study Taoism. From the middle and late19th century, German sinologists began to write works about Taoism in China.
Augustpfitzmaier Augustpfitzmaier (1808 ─1887) published "Taoist Longevity Desire" and "About" in the academic reports of Vienna Academy of Sciences 1869 to 1885. In these works, Pfizer quoted many Taoist works on health preservation in the Tang Dynasty.
ErnstFaber, a missionary, Ernst Faber (1839─ 1899) arrived in Hong Kong in 1864, and 1886 came to Shanghai to preach among German expatriates and engage in sinology research. Later, he published many papers on Confucianism, and was praised as "/kloc-the most accomplished sinologist in the 9th century". 1873, Ernst Faber published an introduction to religious studies in China in German, and 1879 published an English version. 1884 and 1885 published German papers such as Taoism and the historical essence of Taoism.
In Birla 188 1 year, German sinologist Birla (1846─ 1885) published papers on Zhuangzi and Wen Zi and an English paper "Life and Theory of Laozi" in China Report. 1892, the University of Berlin opened a lecture on East Asian languages, which was presided over by Professor gruber.
Gruber Gruber (1855 ─1908)1897-1899 worked as a researcher in Beijing, and investigated the folk customs and beliefs in China. Later, he published papers: Religion and Sacrifice in China and Religion in Ancient China. His Biography of Taoist Myths studies the language of his works and analyzes the Taoist theory of creation accordingly. Gruber studied China's folk beliefs and the formation of the Eight Immortals Religion, and published The Influence of Folk Religion in China on Buddhism, The Folk God of China in Xiamen, The Use of Death by Beijingers, etc. Gruber's most famous job is to independently translate the first 48 chapters of China's classic fairy tale "Romance of the Gods". The translation of the second half of the German version of Romance of the Gods was completed by Herbert.
In Grut 19 12, Berlin University officially opened the "China Lecture" with the Dutch sinologist Grut (Grut, 1854─ 192 1). Grut was an official in charge of Indian colonial affairs, and later became famous for studying Taoism in China. From 1892 to 19 10, he published six volumes of China Religious Series, which became a must-read masterpiece for later sinologists. From 1903 to 1904, he published two volumes of History of Religious Suffering in China, which also became the representative work of Sinology in the world. In addition, Grut published Religion in China in English, which was later translated into German.
Frank is also a German scholar, giving lectures on Chinese at the University of Berlin (Frank, 1863─ 1946). Frank 1888 came to China to study translation at the German Embassy in China. I worked as a translator and consul after 1890. 65438-0907, Professor of Chinese Department of Hamburg University, teaching China language and culture, then transferred to Berlin University. Frank's research work is very extensive, and his main work is History of Chinese Empire (five volumes). His research on China's religion includes 1900' s China Religious Books and 1909' s China Religious Books, which were published in 19 10 and15' s Religious Archives respectively. This basic work is very important for European and American academic circles to study China's religion. From 65438 to 0945, the German-Chinese Society in Beijing published Frank's lectures and papers on China's culture and history, including his exposition on Taoist studies. continue
After Fokker Frank, Fokker (1867─ 1944) also came to Beijing to study Chinese, and embarked on the road of sinology research from the beginning of translation. From 1903 to 1923, Fokker was a professor of Chinese at the School of Oriental Languages of Berlin University. After 1924, he became a professor in Chinese Department of Hamburg University, specializing in China's philosophy. From 65438 to 0939, Fokker's History of China's Medieval Philosophy was published, including China's mysticism, Ge Hong's being a philosopher and alchemist, and so on. The influential figure in German Sinology should be Wei Lixian.
Wei Lixian Wei Lixian (Wilhelm, 1873─ 1930) was a missionary of Weimar Mission. Since 1897 came to China, he has been preaching in Qingdao. Before the First World War, he translated and published Taoist works such as Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi, and later served as a literary adviser to the German Embassy in China. When the China Institute of Frankfurt University was founded, Wei Lixian became a professor of China language. Wei Lixian believes that Laozi is a book about morality and life, while Zhuangzi contains mysticism. In addition to the above Taoist books, Wei Lixian also wrote China's Practical Common Sense, Laozi and Taoism, China Spirit, China Cultural History, the Formation and Change of Oriental China Culture, China Philosophy, Notes on the Purpose of Taiyi Jinhua, etc. The book The Purpose of Taiyi Jinhua was translated with the preface of Carl Gustav Jung (1875 ─1961), and then published in English. Wei Lixian's contribution to sinology research is enormous. To commemorate him, Bonn also established the Wei Lixian Translation Research Center.
Max Weber's Taoist research life Max Weber (1864─ 1920) is a famous German sociologist, historian, economist and politician. Graduated from the Law Department of Heidelberg University, he has taught in Berlin University, Freiburg University, Heidelberg University and Munich University. He is one of the founders of German sociology. All the research results of Max Weber were compiled into three volumes of Essays on Sociology of Religion. The first volume includes the famous work "Protestant Ethics and Capitalist Spirit and World Religious Economic Ethics". Max Weber's research on Taoism is carried out under the general framework of "world religious economic ethics" and is part of his research on world religious ethics. The Study of World Religious Economic Ethics is a supplement to his study of Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism.
Max Weber believes that Protestantism formed in the western world after the Reformation promoted the development of modern western capitalism. Because Protestant ethics not only has inherent affinity with the spirit of capitalism, but also is the decisive force leading to the formation of the capitalist system. The original intention of Max Weber's book Confucianism and Taoism is to demonstrate that China failed to develop capitalism like the West because it lacked a religious ethics as a powerful "shoulder pole" to promote the development of capitalism.
However, Max Weber doesn't know Chinese. He only used what the western world knew about China from missionaries and colonial activities at that time, as well as a few Confucian and Taoist books translated and introduced in the past as the basis of his own research. Therefore, it goes without saying that Max Weber's level of sinology research and his understanding of China are limited and one-sided.
The book Confucianism and Taoism is divided into three parts. The first chapter "Sociological Basis" discusses the economic and political system of China society in several chapters: city, vassal and god, feudalism and rich country, management and agricultural system, autonomy, law and capitalism, and points out that there are many conditions in China's political system, blood relationship, agricultural system and legal system that are not conducive to the development of capitalism. The second chapter discusses the value system of China social orthodoxy-Confucianism, that is, "scholar class" and "Confucian life orientation". Max Weber thinks that the literati class in China is undoubtedly the ruling class in China, and the orthodox value system they represent is Confucianism. Confucianism is "purely vulgar morality in the secular world" and "just a big code to establish political norms and social etiquette for educated people". The third part, Taoism, is based on gruber's Religion and Culture of China People and Grut's Unity of Heaven and Man: the Basis of Religion, Ethics, State System and Science in China.
Weber thinks that Taoism is rejected by Confucianism in China and regarded as heresy. He said: "In the struggle between scholars and their hostile forces, we always see Taoism on the opposite side." . Weber mentioned Zhang Ling, a Taoist master, and said that his descendants "established an organization in the declining and turbulent times of the Han Dynasty. This organization has its management structure, taxation and strict and compulsory political discipline, and successfully competes with political authorities. " Weber noticed that Taoism appeared as a heresy of Confucianism, and Taoism appeared as an opponent of literati at first, which is completely correct. However, Weber believes that although Taoism and Confucianism are antagonistic, they also believe in traditionalism. Therefore, Taoism, like Confucianism, cannot be a "shoulder pole" to promote the emergence of capitalism.
It must also be pointed out that Max Weber's research on Taoism did not actually exceed the research level and general understanding of European sinologists at that time. Weber said: "Taoism is absolutely irrational. Frankly speaking, it is a very low-level witchcraft, immortality, healing and disaster relief." This view is the common view of European sinologists with Christian and Catholic beliefs at the beginning of the twentieth century. Therefore, it is not surprising that Max Weber has such a statement. From the perspective of religious organizations, he believes that "Taoism is just a wizard's organization." Buddhism, as far as the form of its introduction into China is concerned, is no longer a redemption religion like early Indian Buddhism, but a monk organization that practices witchcraft and secret laws. Therefore, Taoism and Buddhism, at least for laymen, have not become the decisive religious groups in sociology. "From the perspective of religious doctrine, he believes that" although the doctrine of Taoism is different from the crude and universalist theory of witchcraft, it has not played a more rational role and has not formed a counterbalance. "Weber's analysis is entirely based on western religions, so in Weber's eyes, there are only a lot of witchcraft, immortality, healing and eliminating disasters, although Weber sees that Taoism belongs to secular religion and is opposite to Confucian orthodoxy.
On the eve of World War II, German sinologists left Germany one after another. Among them is Helmut William, the son of Wei Lixian. Wei Deming was born in Qingdao, China, and later taught German in Peking University. He has been in charge of the German-Chinese Association in Beijing. 65438-0948, went to the United States and served as a professor at the Oriental College of Washington State University. He is the author of China's History of Thought and Society, China Society and State: The History of an Empire, etc. Wei Deming helped his father Wei Lixian translate the Book of Changes. Therefore, Wei Deming also wrote the Book of Changes, which was translated into English and is famous for teaching the Book of Changes. Its influence on the study of the Book of Changes in Western Europe has remained to this day. At the same time, Oex wrote the origin of Taoism and the origin of Taoism.
After World War II, the study of Sinology in Germany was not prosperous at first. In the past two decades, the number of students studying Chinese in German universities has gradually increased, and sinology research has gradually recovered. The study of Sinology in Germany mainly focuses on Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, which is consistent with the idealistic tradition of German academic circles. The study of Taoism in postwar Germany is not only a continuation of the study of Taoism before the war, but also influenced by the study of Taoism in neighboring France.
Wolfgang frank wolfgang frank, namely Fu Wukang, the son of sinologist Frank. 1937 came to China to do research in Beijing German-Chinese Institute. /kloc-returned to China in 0/950 and became a professor at the University of Hamburg. He is the author of Bibliography of Ming History, Centennial History of China Revolution and China and the West. Fu Wukang's works on Taoist studies include: A Review of Trinity Religion in Singapore and Malaysia and Its Evolution, and A Review of Lin Zhaoen.
WernerEichhorn has done a lot of research and writing on China culture, China religion and Taoism. Among them: Zhuangzi's Second Taoist Speculation, An Overview of Sun En's Rebellion and Early Taoist Rebellion, Textual Research on Zhang Jiao Uprising and Zhang Lu's Regime, Taiping Dao and Taiping Dao, China Cultural History, the Value and Legal Status of Buddhism and Taoism in Song Dynasty, China Religion and Ancient Religion and National Worship in China, etc.
JosephThiel, who mainly studies yuan dynasty history, has written Debate between Buddhism and Taoism in Yuan Dynasty, Zhuangzi's Epistemology, and Taoist View in the Tao Te Ching, etc.
WolfgangBauer, that is, Bao Wugang, is the author of China Huang Shigong's Research and Happiness Exploration-Paradise and Utopia in the History of China Thought, Gehong Neidan Theory and China Shizu Worship in Taiwan Province Today.
HansSteininger, a professor at the University of Wü rzburg, is famous for his research on Guan Yin Zi and Shi Wen Zhen Jing. From 65438 to 0965, he gave a lecture on Far East Literature at Wü rzburg University and founded the Institute of China Studies. From 65438 to 0979, he cooperated with Kristofer Schipper, a French professor, and participated in the international research on the abstracts of collected Taoist scriptures. In addition, Professor Steininger is an international member of the Japanese Taoist Society and has close ties with the Institute of Oriental Culture of Tokyo University and the Literature Department of Waseda University. 1985, on Steininger's sixty-fifth birthday, he published a commemorative anthology, Religion and Philosophy in the East, with 30 papers, which were divided into four parts: Taoism, Buddhism, other religions and philosophy. Among them, Taoism is:
Spring in the Garden by Yueyang and Lv Dongbin —— An alchemical poem in the Song Dynasty (Badliang Hussain), the history of Wutong Sacrifice (Sid Qi Xi), an explanation of The Journey to the West's alchemy (Despa), Shi Tian's method of confirming God's will (Hendrist), Donghua Emperor's position in Taoist inheritance (Wright) Guo Xian's The Story of the Cave (Eichhorn). The permission of another world-the view of the underworld seen in the post-Han Tomb Voucher (Anna Saidel) The courtesy and evil of early Taoism (Strickman) Other scholars mostly studied in France or Japan after the war, and some of them have been engaged in sinology research in France or Japan for a long time. Anna Saidel, for example, is usually regarded as a French sinologist. Others return to China after finishing their studies. For example, Badliang Hussain studied Taoism at the French Institute for Advanced Studies, and published his doctoral thesis "Translation and Research of Lingbao Secret Method" in French at 1984. In addition, there is Lv Dongbin's "Qin Yuan Chun"-an alchemical poem in the Song Dynasty, Lv Dongbin in the literature of the Northern Song Dynasty, Taoism: General Introduction and Inner alchemy. Hussein now teaches at the University of Wü rzburg.
Grouber, religious and cultural China people (19 10) Grut, 6 volumes, with the regional system of China (1892-1910) max? Weber's Confucianism and Taoism (China: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 1995).