What is the formula for calculating p value?

= 2 [1-φ (Z0)] When it is assumed that H 1 is p instead of P0; ?

= 1-φ(z0)？ When the tested hypothesis H 1 is p greater than p0; ?

=φ(z0)？ When the tested hypothesis H 1 is p less than p0; ?

In short, the smaller the p value, the more significant the result. But whether the test result is "significant", "moderately significant" or "highly significant" needs to be solved by ourselves according to the size of P value and practical problems.

Extended data:

Z stands for test statistics, and ZC stands for test statistics calculated from sample data. ?

1, left check

P value is the probability that the test statistic is less than or equal to the test statistic calculated according to the actual observed sample data, that is, P value?

2. Right side inspection

P value is the probability that the test statistic is greater than or equal to the test statistic calculated according to the actual observation sample data when μ=μ0, that is, P value?

3. Bilateral inspection

P value is the probability that the test statistic is greater than or equal to the test statistic calculated according to the actual observation sample data when μ=μ0, that is, P value?

P value refers to the probability that the statistical summary (such as the mean difference between two groups of samples) is the same as or even greater than the actual observation data in a probability model. In other words, it is to test the possibility that the null hypothesis is established or behave more seriously.

If the p value is less than the selected significance level (0.05 or 0.0 1), the null hypothesis will be rejected and unacceptable. However, this does not directly indicate that the original assumption is correct. P value is a random variable that obeys normal distribution, and there is uncertainty in practical use due to many factors such as samples. The result may be controversial.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia -p value