During the 86 years from 1789 to 1875, modern France produced 12 constitutions, which were replaced 1 times in an average of about 7 years. The frequent changes in the French constitution have caused the complexity and variability of the political system, which has experienced constitutional monarchy, imperial monarchy, democratic dictatorship and so on. And there have been three constitutional monarchies, two monarchies and three * * * systems.
1789, with the victory of the French revolution, the constitutionalists representing the financial bourgeoisie compromised with the feudal lords, formulated the 179 1 constitution, and established the bourgeois constitutional monarchy. The characteristics of this system are as follows: two principles of national sovereignty and separation of powers are determined; The king is the chief executive, who enjoys considerable power and is subject to many restrictions. He must obey the National Assembly, the Constitution and other laws. Congress enjoys extensive legislative power; Judicial power shall be exercised independently by elected judges, and at no time shall Congress or the king exercise judicial power. 1789 the monarchy established by the constitution, although compromised with the old forces, is not a feudal monarchy under the old system, but a bourgeois constitutional monarchy.
Due to the stubbornness of French feudal forces, irreconcilable contradictions with the people, and the lack of long-term compromise between old and new forces, the people of Paris launched the second uprising and overthrew the constitutional monarchy that existed for three years. In the Republic of China, which was founded on September 22nd, 1792, the struggles among political forces of all classes and factions were still sharp and complicated, and the constitutional amendments were still frequent, which went through four periods: gironde, jacobin, fervent moon party and supervising the implementation of the government.
1793, jacobins, the representative of the radical bourgeoisie, pushed the revolution to a climax and formulated the 1793 Constitution. This constitution stipulates that France's political system is a republic, and the power of the National Assembly is supreme. 1794 after the hot month coup, the ruling big bourgeoisie weakened the democratic content of the * * and the regime by formulating the * * and three-year constitutions, demanding that all the people give up their rights for the benefit of the big bourgeoisie. 1795 the constitution establishes a parliamentary system.
1799, Napoleon launched a coup in the foggy month and established an executive government. Formally, he retained the * * * and regime, but in fact it was a military dictatorship. He formulated and revised the constitution many times, completed the evolution from * * * and to the monarchy, and established the bourgeois monarchy. The monarchy is clearly defined in the Constitution of 1804.
After Napoleon was overthrown, the French political system once again experienced the alternate evolution of constitutional monarchy, harmony and monarchy. 18 14 The promulgation of the King James Charter once again confirmed the constitutional monarchy with separation of powers, but this constitutional monarchy is semi-feudal and semi-bourgeois. 18/kloc-The Supplementary Act to the Imperial Constitution promulgated by the restored Bourbon Dynasty in 0/5 tried to restore Napoleon's monarchy, but it was overthrown by the July Revolution launched by the French people.
1830 the charter of the July dynasty re-established the bourgeois constitutional monarchy and restricted the royal power. The king's power comes from the people, and the king holds real power, but it is only the chief executive, not the chief legislator, so the law cannot be abolished; Parliament has expanded its rights and has the right to initiate legislation; The Cabinet is accountable to Parliament.
1848 The July dynasty was overthrown by the February Revolution, the Second Republic of France was established, and the * * * and political power were rebuilt through the 1848 Constitution. However, the second political power only existed for three years. 185 1, 65438+In February, Louis Bonama staged a coup. 1852, the constitution was changed to * * and became the "second empire". 1870, the Second Reich promulgated the Decree on Amending the Imperial Constitution, which, like the Supplementary Law of the Imperial Constitution in 18 15, tried to implement the so-called "liberal" reform by amending the Constitution as a remedy before the collapse of the imperial system, but it was too late.
The Third Republic was established in 1870, but whether to implement the * * * system or the monarchy is still an open question. After five years of hard struggle by the bourgeoisie, the masses and the royalists, in 1875, the parliament finally passed the Constitution of the Third Republic, and the word * * * was formally written into the Constitution, which legally affirmed the * * * and political power of the Third Republic.
After the promulgation of the Constitution of the Third Republic (1875), France became a typical parliamentary republic, and the Constitution of 1875 also became the longest-lived constitution in France. This constitution consists of three constitutional documents: the organic law of the Senate, the organic law of political power and the law on political relations. The constitution stipulates that France is a parliamentary country, which consolidates the all-round rule of the bourgeoisie by law. The political system stipulated in this constitution is as follows: Parliament consists of Senate and House of Representatives; Both houses have legislative power, but financial and legal bills should be submitted to the House of Representatives for voting first. The cabinet must gain the trust of the House of Representatives to be in power, otherwise it must resign; Cabinet is a powerful administrative organ. In addition to the right to propose legislation, it also has the right to issue orders independently. Because there are many political parties in France, it is difficult to obtain a majority in the House of Representatives, so this order of the parliament to the cabinet cannot be revoked or changed, but the French cabinet does not dare to dissolve the parliament easily; The president is the head of state and is elected by the joint meeting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Constitution gives the president extensive powers. However, shortly after the promulgation of the constitution, the power of the president actually gradually weakened, and it no longer played an important role in political life. State power has obviously been transferred to the cabinet. 1875 The Constitution makes France a typical parliamentary republic.
Since the constitution of 1875 established the * * * and political power, the struggle for French political power, which lasted for nearly a century, came to an end. However, * * * and the regime itself experienced the development process from parliamentary system and political system to semi-presidential system, semi-parliamentary system and political system.