There are seven common argumentation methods: example, introduction, metaphor, comparison, reduction to absurdity, induction and deduction. The following are four common and easy-to-use argumentation methods in argumentative writing.
First, the example method
Example method, also called case argumentation method, is a method to prove the correctness of one's argument with convincing typical cases. It is the most commonly used argumentation method in argumentative writing. "Facts speak louder than words" is self-evident in the face of typical cases.
To make good use of the example method, we must pay attention to the following aspects:
1, the case should be typical, conclusive and influential. Generally speaking, celebrities or cases should be given priority, and trivial cases on campus, family and street should be used with caution.
2. The narrative of the case should be concise and not too detailed. Examples are given to prove points, not to clarify facts. Never put the cart before the horse.
3. Cases should not be single and narrow, but should be rich and broad, and should be combined with points and faces, so that ancient and modern Chinese and foreign countries can set each other off. When similar cases have been mastered for a long time, you can consider sentence parallelism.
After listing the cases, we should make a brief analysis. We should not turn the model law into a case classification to avoid undocumented cases.
5. Diligent in accumulation and good at screening. "If you use books, you hate less." Reading newspapers, taking notes and cutting and pasting are the main means. If you accumulate more, you will naturally be able to achieve mastery.
Second, the citation method
Quoting, also called reasoning, is an argument method to prove that one's point of view is correct and credible by quoting famous sayings, ancient poems and famous sentences, proverbs and epigrams that reflect scientific laws.
The frequency of quotation in examination room or writing practice is second only to that of examples. Because citation refers to the crystallization of thought recognized by the world, it can profoundly reflect the essence of things and is proved by countless facts, so it is very convincing.
How to use citation well?
1. The famous aphorisms quoted should be targeted. Every famous saying comes from a specific background and is used for a specific communicative purpose. Even when talking about the same problem, there are many famous sayings to choose from. We should carefully analyze the unique function of each argument and quote it to the most suitable language environment.
For example, to emphasize the importance of ambition, we should choose "the three armed forces can win the handsome, but the ordinary man can't win the ambition." Emphasize lofty aspirations and choose "How do sparrows know the ambition of swans?" Some students are addicted to surfing the Internet and choose to "play with things and get tired of it". Some students can't just persevere and be cold, but choose "those who do things have a long-term vision, and those who don't do things have a long-term vision."
2. Be concise, not too much. Discussion is to express your own views, not to introduce others' views. The purpose of quoting others' words is to convince readers of their own words, which should be the main body of discussion and the most eye-catching part of the full text. It's easy to drown out your own analysis by quoting too many.
3. Pay attention to the difference between direct quotation and indirect quotation. Direct quotation ensures the accuracy of words and even punctuation; Indirect speech only needs to state its general idea, but pay attention to the transformation of person.
Third, analogy method.
Metaphor is a method to demonstrate an argument with metaphor.
In argumentative writing, metaphor can make the argument easier to understand, more interesting and more easily recognized by readers. Metaphor can turn abstraction into concreteness, difficulty into simplicity and boredom into vividness.
Using metaphor method must pay attention to the following three points:
1. Small and familiar things in life should be chosen as metaphors. If the vehicle is not familiar to readers, the purpose of metaphor will not be achieved.
2. Vehicles do not seek similarity, but seek God's similarity. The vehicle as a metaphor is different from the vehicle as a metaphor. The carrier of metaphor is to emphasize characteristics, describe things, pay attention to shape, and compare shape with shape; The carrier of metaphor is to illustrate the point of view, which is similar in spirit and meaningful in shape when viewed from the right and heard from the right. We must carefully appreciate and ponder the corresponding relationship between the objects we want to demonstrate and the things used as metaphors.
3. Fine anatomical metaphor and threading. Lu Xun's metaphor in "Takeism" is very classic. He compared "big house" to "cultural heritage"; Criticize three wrong views and attitudes towards cultural heritage with "loser", "asshole" and "waste"; Use "shark's fin", "opium", "bong, smoke lamp" and "concubine" to describe several components of cultural heritage; Use "possession", "choice" and "innovation" to explain the three steps of critical inheritance of cultural heritage. Very appropriate, seamless, convincing, can not help but amaze.
Fourth, comparative law.
Comparative method is also a common demonstration method, which can be divided into comparative method and analogy method.
1, analogy
The so-called analogy is to infer from one to another with the help of one or several similar stories, examples or situations arranged by the author.
There are several kinds of things used for analogy: historical facts, myths and legends, fables, situations created by writers themselves, etc.
When using analogy, it should be noted that the selected "types" should be of the same kind, not relative or opposite; After analogy, we should analyze, be good at revealing and get to the point.
2. Contrast method
The so-called contrast is to analyze and compare the positive and negative arguments and arguments, so as to deny the wrong views and establish the correct arguments.
When using contrast, we should pay attention to the obvious differences between right and wrong, right and wrong, new and old of the selected "objects", and there should be prominent contradictions; We must deeply understand the contradictory nature of the object to be discussed; It can be person-to-person, thing-to-thing, vertical comparison or horizontal comparison.
Of course, only one of the above argumentation methods is used, and sometimes the discussion is too thin. In order to strengthen persuasiveness, many argumentative papers adopt various argumentation methods. But if you use a variety of argumentation methods, you must pay attention to highlighting one of them, which will leave a deep impression on people.