Qin Huanggong: 1. In the late Warring States period, Qin became the most powerful country among the seven countries, and constantly annexed the land of its eastern neighbors through war. In 260 BC, an unprecedented fierce battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao. More than 400,000 people of Zhao Jun went to the State of Qin, and most of them were killed. From then on, the six eastern countries could no longer resist Qin Jun's attack. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed the six eastern countries successively and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China. The unification of Qin dynasty ended the long-term feudal feudalism, which was in line with the wishes of the broad masses of people. The sequence of unified war: ① Chronology of major events in which Korea, Wei and Chu paid tribute to Qin: In the first 290 years, Korea was 200 miles away from Qin Wusui (now the south of Shanxi). In the early 280' s of Chu, Shang Yong lived in the north of Qin and Han Dynasties (now northwest Hubei). Wei Yu (in present-day wen county, Henan Province) in the first 275 years. Wei and Qin Nanyang in the first 273 years (now Jiyuan to Huojia in Henan Province). 【 Hint 】 As can be seen from the above table, during the first 60 or 70 years of the unification of China, the military power of the State of Qin had expanded to the Central Plains. (2) The timetable for Qin to destroy the six countries: to destroy North Korea in the first 230 years; Destroy Wei in the first 225 years; Destroy Chu in the first 223 years; Destroy Zhao and Yan in the first 222 years; 22 1 year ago, it was eliminated. (3) Memorabilia of the Six Countries' Resistance to Qin at the end of the Warring States Period: In the first 269 years, Zhao She, the general of Zhao, attacked Qin and was defeated. In the first 257 years, Wei Xinling saved Zhao and Chi was released. In the first 247 years, Xin led the five countries to defeat outside the river. The first 233 Qin attacked Chili and Yi 'an, and was repelled by Li Mu. In 232 years ago, Qin attacked me and was repelled by Li Mu. In the first 227 years, Yan Taizi Dan ordered Jing Ke to stab the king of Qin. It can be seen that the words in The Six Kingdoms, such as "Six countries mourn each other", "Qi eventually moved and destroyed five countries" and "Yan became a small country after the death", are all based on the above historical facts. 2. The establishment of autocratic rule After Ying Zheng unified the six countries, it took a series of measures to strengthen centralization. He stipulated that the supreme ruler should be called the emperor, all major state affairs should be decided by the emperor alone, and the main officials should be appointed and removed by the emperor. In the central government, there are imperial advisers below the Prime Minister, Qiu and the Emperor. At the local level, Qin Shihuang accepted the suggestion of Li Si, the minister, and implemented the county system, which divided the whole country into 36 counties, with the counties below the high counties. The county system has been used for a long time in China. 3. Unified writing, currency and weights and measures During the Warring States period, the writing, currency and weights and measures of different countries were different, which affected the economic and cultural exchanges between different places. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, Xiao Zhuan was regarded as a national standard character, and later it became popular among the people with simpler strokes. Qin Shihuang also stipulated that the Qin copper wire with round square holes should be used uniformly throughout the country; At the same time, the degree, quantity and balance are unified. These measures are conducive to the unification of Gong State and Qin Dynasty, to the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, and have a far-reaching impact on future generations. 4. Seize the Hetao area to defend Xiongnu Xiongnu is an ancient nomadic tribe in northern China, originally distributed in Mongolian grassland. At the end of the Warring States period, they gradually became stronger, occupied the Hezong Hetao area with abundant aquatic plants, and kept going south. Agricultural production in northern countries is often destroyed. At the end of Qin Shihuang, Huns formed a powerful country. Their leader is called Khan. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, General Meng Tian led the army to seize the Hetao area from the Huns. The government also resettled some people from the mainland to farm and defend there. Qin Shihuang also recruited farmers and built a Yugoslav capital from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east to resist the Huns. This is the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li. 5. The development and traffic system of the Yue nationality area The Yue nationality is an ancient nationality in the south of China, which is distributed in the southeast coast and the Pearl River basin. After Qin unified the six countries, it sent troops to conquer the Yue region. There, several counties such as Guilin, Nanhai and Xiang Jun were established, and 500,000 people moved from the Central Plains to defend them and live with the Vietnamese. In order to solve the traffic difficulties, Qin Shihuang sent people to dig a canal to connect the water in Hunan and the two major water systems, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. 6. Building a traffic Qin has built a wide and unified road with Xianyang as the center on the basis of the original six-country road of chariots and horses. 7. The emergence of private ownership of land Since Shang Yang abandoned the mine and started construction, Qin gradually allowed private ownership of land and free trading. After the reunification of the whole country, Qin paid more attention to agricultural production, allowing people who occupied land to declare the number of fields they occupied and pay taxes, and formally recognized the legitimacy of private ownership of land. In order to maintain the huge military expenditure and project construction and satisfy the extravagant life, the first emperor did not hesitate to levy heavy taxes on the people, and the country appeared a serious situation of "men plowing and women weaving without pay, and exhausting the wealth of the world as their government", which plunged the people into poverty and left them "without food and clothing". I am ecstatic. I abused the people's power, and Qin Shihuang was eager for quick success and instant benefit, and had no sympathy for the people's feelings. I built Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li near the capital for my own luxury, which consumed more than 700,000 civilian workers. It is estimated that at that time, the number of people performing military service far exceeded 2 million, accounting for more than one third of men in their prime. Such heavy taxes and heavy labor are really unbearable for the people. 3. Severe punishment, boiling public resentment. Since Shang Yang's political reform, laws and regulations have been very strict. One person committed capital punishment, three families and a neighbor who broke the law sat together. People are often punished with hard labor or torture. 4. Restrain thoughts, burn books to bury Confucianism In order to prevent people from rebelling, Qin Shihuang also carried out strict ideological control, such as issuing a ban on books, collecting and burning books on a large scale, and burying more than 400 Confucian scholars who criticized state affairs, which was called "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history.
Hanwu
Work:
Politically, Emperor Wudi attacked Xiongnu in the north; Governing Hexi; Open to the southwest; Northeast expansion; And issued a pardon order to stabilize the reunification situation.
On the economic front, monetary reform was implemented; Water conservancy construction saved the Yellow River from serious floods in the next 80 years.
Culturally, he attached importance to Confucianism; Attach importance to Confucian classics and set up imperial academy in Chang 'an.
By:
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he fought for years, built great buildings, was superstitious about ghosts and gods, abused cool history, exhausted his savings since Wen Jing, and aroused many national uprisings. However, in his later years, the Western Han Dynasty was able to turn the corner.
Tang Zong
Work:
First, sum up experience and lessons, and choose Ren Xian as the official and coachable as the magnanimous one.
Two, diligence and self-discipline, strict legal system, the development of the national economy.
Three. Harmonious coexistence and harmonious ethnic relations
Fourth, communicate with foreign countries and spread the world's prosperous Tang Dynasty.
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By:
In the later period of Zhenguan, some changes took place in Emperor Taizong, all of which started from coachable. After ten years of Zhenguan, Wei Zhi found himself "speaking out" gradually, which was the beginning of some mistakes made by Emperor Taizong.
First, he conquered Korea twice before and after, and did not listen to the advice of ministers. Although we won some victories, it was not worth the loss. Emperor Taizong was not only ill, but also built a large number of ships, which led to peasant uprising and intensified domestic contradictions.
Luxury goods also increased. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong wrote that the things used by the prince should not be restricted by other organs, resulting in serious waste of the prince. Emperor Taizong himself began to build palaces. In the eleventh year of Zhenguan, Feishan Palace was built in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and Cuiwei Palace was built in the twenty-first year.
Another big mistake was reading Ju Zhu, written by historians, which was devoted to the daily life and speech of the emperor. The emperor has no right to interfere. This is a traditional tradition. Emperors have never read it, and respect the authority and status of historians. Historical Records is also a fair and decent book, never hiding anything, never afraid of the emperor's revenge. However, Emperor Taizong, a famous monarch, made a historic mistake. He saw that the great wish set a bad precedent for the later emperors of the Tang Dynasty and destroyed the system.
Songzu
Achievements: The establishment of the Song Dynasty laid the foundation for the unification of China (except sixteen states of Youyun) in the Song Dynasty.
The right to quench one's thirst by drinking poison makes the pattern that the local authorities are higher than the central authorities since the Tang Dynasty a thing of the past, and there is no possibility of local separatism.
The establishment of the ancestral motto "Don't kill people who tell things" made the Song Dynasty the greatest era of freedom of speech in ancient China, which greatly promoted the development of culture and science and technology in the Song Dynasty.
Over: Being too strong and weak militarily made the local army's fighting capacity low, which made the Song Dynasty weak militarily; The strategic decision-making mistake of reunifying China failed to defeat Liao country with empty national strength in time, which paved the way for the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.