The original method of population registration was founded in the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to Zhou Li Qiu Guan Simin, there are more people in Simin's hands than their own teeth. It's all written in the edition, arguing about their country, their contempt and their countryside. Unlike his men and women, he was born at 18 years old and died at 18 years old. Three years later, the same number of people wrote to Scott. On the day when Si Kou and Meng Dong sacrificed Si Min, they were presented to the king. " The king bowed to it and climbed to Tianfu. It can be seen that at that time, an official with household registration, Simin, was set up, and those with teeth over 8 months were boys and those with teeth over 7 months were registered according to different sexes, that is, the "book", and the population was counted according to the city (city) and township (town) (this is the earliest known division of urban and rural population in China). In addition, the birth and death of the population should be registered every year to grasp the natural changes, and a population survey (that is, "Dabi") should be conducted every three years and reported in Meng Dong (October of the lunar calendar). Therefore, the Zhou Dynasty had the rudiment of the household registration system.
the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in order to expand the source of soldiers, increase taxes and stabilize social order, various vassal States established strict household registration systems, namely "book system" and "accounting system". The content of "book club system" is: 25 people are 1 club, "the account number of the club is written in the territory." The "vote counting system" means that the county magistrate will budget the number of farmers and taxes for the next year before the end of each year, and present the account books to the monarch on wooden vouchers. For example, Shang Yang's reform stipulated that "within the four borders, couples are famous in the world, the living write, and the dead cut."
Qin dynasty
With the maturity of the feudal system, the household registration system is becoming more and more perfect. As we all know, the population has become the foundation of the country. Sixteen years ago (23 1 year ago), it was stipulated that men should register their age regardless of whether they were adults or not. In the Han Dynasty, household registration was carried out at least once every three years (some scholars think it is once a year), and county and Taoist officials were responsible for checking the registered household registration, which was referred to as "case-to-case ratio" or "case ratio". The time of case comparison was in the mid-autumn month (August) of that year. At that time, the common people had to help the old and carry the young, go to the county government, gather in the court, and accept the assessment of the chief officials. The household registration load is mainly men aged 20-60. In order to prevent people from hiding from heavy work, the government has specially formulated temporary inspection measures.
Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the household registration system of Qin and Han dynasties was followed, and the yellow registration and white registration systems were implemented. The yellow registration records the working-age population, and the white registration records the northern population exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties, due to frequent wars, the household registration moved seriously. In order to sort out the household registration, a series of "land-cutting" have been carried out, and the expatriate population and floating population in the north have been unified into the local household registration, and control has been strengthened to increase the national fiscal revenue.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of "losing samples" was implemented, which stipulated that people were born yellow, young at the age of 4 to 15, middle-aged at the age of 16 to 20, and old at the age of 2 to159. Change the age from 18 to 22 for middle school and 23 for ding. The state keeps accounts every year and registers every three years. The household registration book is in triplicate, one for the county, one for the state and one for the household registration department. When compiling the household registration book, "the county secretary is responsible for honestly keeping accounts, going to the state for investigation, building houses according to the style, and the countryside is a book, always writing three links." All the joints are marked with the nationality of a certain county in a certain state, with the state name printed by the state and the county name printed by the county. " The "case ratio" system was still implemented in the Tang Dynasty. Li Xian's comments on the Book of the Later Han Dynasty were called "Gebi" in the Han Dynasty and "Appearance Reading" in the Tang Dynasty. There are many records about the characteristics and epidemics of registered people in Dunhuang suicide notes in Tang Dynasty. Such as someone's "limping right foot" and "small tumor under the ear". After case comparison, formal registration will be carried out. The principle is that everyone registers. According to the accounting card of the year 13 (547) in Dunhuang area of the Northern Wei Dynasty, all family members, handmaiden and adopted son were registered from Huang (1-3 years old), young (4-9 years old) to old (over 60 years old) and later (disabled, disabled and sick). This household registration format continued until the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Song and Yuan Dynasties
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the time interval for fabricating household registration was also three years. "Three years is a big ratio, household registration, accounting." Make three copies at a time, one in the county, one in the state capital and one in the ministries and agencies. "In the Song Dynasty, the fifth-class household registration book was fabricated, with the focus on evaluating households. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was also a mouse tail book in the village community to register changes in household registration at any time.
the Ming Dynasty
In the third year of Hongwu of Zhu Yuanzhang in Ming Dynasty (1370), a letter was sent, and the household registration was registered all over the world. The main contents of registration are native place, residence, name, age, etc. In order to prevent counterfeiting, the government will post home stickers with the font size as the attachment, half-printed seal and people's stickers in the department. The way of reporting is that local grassroots organizations "collect and understand" local accounts and then go to the county. "The county reports to the state, the state reports to the government, the government reports to the chief secretary, and the chief secretary reports to the headquarters for the record, based on the examination." The Qing dynasty basically inherited the household registration system of the Ming dynasty. At first, it was compiled every three years, and later it was changed to every five years. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), the five-year household registration system was abolished and changed to "annual calculation" to understand the increase and decrease of household registration in various places.
Republic of China period
During the Republic of China, the Household Registration Law (193 1) and the Household Census Law (1947) were successively promulgated, and the national identity card system (1946) was implemented, and household administration institutions at all levels were established.
As can be seen from the above, all dynasties in history attached great importance to household registration, especially when the old and new dynasties changed. In order to consolidate their rule and ensure tax revenue, the new rulers always take the lead in rectifying and formulating the national household registration. Since the funeral of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, "the household registration is not allowed, and the corvee is not uniform." Emperor Xiaojing ordered the closure of households. "There are more than 600,000 unregistered households." At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Hong Wuyuan ordered to rectify the household registration, stipulating that "anyone who leaks or blurts out everywhere will be allowed to go to the place where he works to go to court, free from innocence and be incorporated into the police." Household registration and declaration is an important task for government officials.
Edit the historical development of this period of household registration system.
Household registration management is also the management of the legal residence of the population. The so-called "legal" means that the government has incorporated it into the household registration book and regarded it as a formal resident of a place. They not only undertake national service, but also enjoy the right to let their children participate in scientific research.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China adopted the methods of "compiling households" and "fixing households" to manage household registration. For example, the establishment of residents' organizations: five for a track, ten for a mile, four for a company, ten for a township, five townships and one army (Qi State); Establish a household registration verification and statistics system of "spring account book, summer month and autumn record".
After Qin unified the whole country, strict household registration management measures were formed. Theoretically, the state is the administrator of household registration, but in practice, it is often difficult to achieve effective control by relying on a few local officials to implement specific management of the population. Therefore, the Qin government used social organizations to strengthen control and compile martial arts, "set the number of martial arts, regardless of gender", "each martial arts has its own strengths" and implemented the "sitting system"; "Make people have no right to move" and the population flow should require local officials to "change their citizenship". [7] The household registration management system is quite complete. Han inherited the Qin system and the household registration management was further developed. Liu Bang appointed Xiao He as Prime Minister, and Xiao He compiled Nine Laws and Regulations, in which the Family Law stipulated detailed household registration management methods, and household registration management was standardized for the first time in history.
In order to ensure the implementation of household registration management, the village system was implemented in Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the Western Han Dynasty, "Shili Township lived in a pavilion with a long pavilion; Ten pavilions and one township, where there are three old people, misers and swimmers. Three old men are disciplined, Fu Cha is in charge of tax collection, and thieves are forbidden to travel. " [8] In the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Li Kui was in charge of everything, telling good and evil" and "Li Kui was in charge of a hundred schools, ten schools were in charge of everything, and the people were in charge of good and evil, telling prison officials". [9] During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the three-long system was implemented. "Five households have one neighbor, five neighbors have one mile long, and five miles have one side long; Take the strong wishes of the villagers. " [10] In order to prevent the loss of nationality, the government strictly prohibits free migration, and stipulates that it is not allowed to migrate or change nationality without the approval of the township pavilion and tax clearance, and offenders will be prosecuted. In this way, grass-roots organizations actually have the power to control farmers' freedom of migration.
The rural security system was implemented in the Tang Dynasty, with five households as the security system, four households as neighbors, 100 households as a mile and 500 households as a township. There is a person in every room. The warden's duty is to be responsible for "planting agriculture and mulberry according to the household registration, checking illegal activities, urging people to drive and collecting taxes." [1 1] Tang Law states: "Whoever commits a crime with Wu Bao at home, knowing it and not correcting it, will be sentenced to death with a one-year reprieve; Flow sin, a hundred sticks; The sinner is seventy. " Household registration control has become stricter.
In the Song Dynasty, the insurance system in Beijing was implemented. "Ten companies are the first guarantee, and one strong household is the insured; Fifty companies have a big insurance, and choose one person as the chief insurance officer; The top ten guarantees are guaranteed, and the public chooses the bottom. " There is a list in the insurance company, which records the account name of the insurance company. In Bao Tong, "bandits, murderers, arsonists, rapists, people who neglect discipline, people who spread heresy, and people who make poisonous animals", all Bao Tong families "know everything and say everything". [12] In the Yuan Dynasty, the village community system was implemented, with 50 organizations as one.
The Ming Dynasty was an Li Jia system or a Bao Jia system. "One hundred households are one mile, ten households have more food stalls, and the remaining ten households." Jia Fan has ten people. There is a man in Laofu, and the first one is the first one. "[13] Anyone who leaves his hometown for a hundred miles must have a Road Guide, which is actually a proof of leaving his hometown.
The Qing Dynasty was called the Baojia system, and Guangxu's "Qing Dynasty Examples: Household Department" stipulated: "Ten households in urban and rural areas in counties and counties have one card head, ten cards have one head, and ten cards have one head. Each household has one card and the book name number. When you send it, indicate where you want to go, and check it when you enter. " Those who come from unknown sources will be caught and punished. "If the household moves, report it at any time and change it to the house number". After Tanding entered Mu, the household registration was stopped and the Baojia system was paid more and more attention.
The household registration law was implemented in the Republic of China. 193 1 and 1935, the Kuomintang government promulgated and revised the Household Registration Law and its implementing rules. 1937, the "Garbo Regulations" was promulgated, and a unified Garbo organization was established throughout the country, and a "co-insurance" system was implemented.
The purpose of compiling the fifteen passes is to be told by the compilers of good and evil. Selling your hukou, living falsely, fleeing the mainland and not paying rent and taxes are all evil. People in the same position do not stop beforehand or report afterwards, so they have to sit together and pay the rent and tax for the fleeing households. As stipulated in the Han Dynasty: "Thin people are unbearable and exiled far away. The China family will take care of it, and the deceased will come first. " The western Jin government stipulated that once the family went into exile, their parents would be beheaded; The northern Zhou dynasty promulgated the outline of criminal procedure, which stipulated that "those who live in seclusion for more than five households and more than three hectares will die"; The Criminal Records of Sui Shu in the Sui Dynasty stipulated that "the old and the young will inevitably sit by the side, and one person will die and flee, sitting at home"; During the Song and Tang Dynasties, people who left their homes were treated like hell, and officials in charge of household registration were also implicated. According to the laws of the Ming dynasty, "anyone who escapes to neighboring counties to avoid officials will be beaten with a hundred sticks and sent back to his place of origin." Their relatives are in charge, encouraging officials to drum up and neighboring households to hide in their own people and sin. " In March of the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394), he issued a notice: "In the future, Li Jia's neighbors and the elderly must see Ding Zhu's career and be aware of each other. When you are away from home, you need to know where you are, what your physiology is and what you are doing. If you don't know where you are and don't return for a long time, the old man and his neighbors can't go to the official head and move the army. " [ 14]
The government tried to bind farmers firmly to the land by reorganizing household registration and the strict system of "protecting each other and sitting together". This policy can really have a temporary effect. But its effectiveness is based on the premise that people have a relatively stable production and living environment. Once the government and officials extort money, or encounter natural and man-made disasters, any ban will become a dead letter under the suffering of poverty and hunger.