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The content of "Flowers of Evil Waves"

"Evil Sea Flower" is rich in content and has a long time span. How to grasp its essential characteristics as a whole? The author's explanation of his creative intention is quite enlightening to us. Ceng Yun: "The main significance of this book is to show me these 30 years, which is a great turning point for China from the old to the new. On the one hand, the passage of culture, on the other hand, the political changes, which are surprising and gratifying, are all carried out during this period. I just want to take pictures of these phenomena, close their silhouettes or visions and some related details, and shoot them on my camera, so that it can be naturally displayed scene by scene. The impression is like witnessing the panorama of major events. " From this point of view, the author tries to include the essence of 30 years' history in this novel and show its development trend. In essence, it is necessary to write "Evil Sea Flower" as a historical novel. The so-called historical novel is different from the traditional "historical romance novel" in China, that is, the popularization of history; The historical novel mentioned here is a new concept with modern significance. Its basic characteristics are: "combining surprise with truth", shaping "people who are more closely combined with social and historical destiny", expressing the essence and trend of history, and finally "elevating the novel to the position of historical philosophy" (quotation marks are Luacs's remarks). It should be said that "Evil Sea Flower" has reached such a state, and it can be called a historical novel with modern significance. This is naturally related to the author's careful study of French literature, especially the historical novels of Dumas and Hugo.

The 30-year-old historical content displayed in "Evil Sea Flower" is a history of political and cultural changes in this specific historical stage from the middle period of Tongzhi to the late Guangxu period.

As far as political evolution is concerned, the novel takes the middle and late Tongzhi as the background, or implicitly or explicitly shows the development process of a series of major events before and after Guangxu: from the Sino-French war to the Sino-Russian territorial dispute; From the Sino-Japanese War to the resistance and aggression of the soldiers and civilians in Taiwan Province Province; From the Westernization Movement to the rise of the Reformists, and even the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising led by the bourgeois revolution. At the same time, the author pays more attention to the internal relations and development trends of many political events. As the author said: "This writing about politics and the demise of the Qing Dynasty focuses on the discord between Dezong and the Empress Dowager. Therefore, writing the history of royal marriage, buying officials in Yu and Yu Min, and fighting for power and profit in the East and West palaces are the roots of the 1898 coup and the Boxer Movement. " Emperor Guangxu in the novel was cowardly by nature and was completely held hostage by Empress Dowager Cixi. Even if the queen is appointed, she doesn't have any decision. Cixi gave her niece to Guangxu as the queen, thinking that she was the eyes and ears, and Guangxu's favorite girl had to retreat to the position of imperial concubine. Since then, the farce of the East-West Palace competing for the male has intensified. The struggle between the East Palace and the West Palace is essentially a manifestation of Guangxu and Cixi's struggle for power and profit. Later, it was rumored that Yu bribed the imperial concubine to get a well-paid job in Shanghai. Cixi took the opportunity to fight and immediately courted the imperial concubine and reduced her to a noble person. So it caused the discord between the emperor and the queen. Since then, the coup of 1898, the Boxer Rebellion and the downfall of the Qing Dynasty have all been related to the disharmony after the emperor. However, the coup in 1898 and subsequent events were planned and not implemented.

How does the novel show the ideological and cultural changes in the past 30 years? The author also clearly reveals this point in "A few words to be said after revision": "Writing elegant gardens, including English clubs, reading English clubs, lying in the clouds, strengthening clubs and running newspapers in Suzhou, are all the footprints of a temporary cultural process." From the description of Yajuyuan, we can see the mental outlook of ordinary scholars in Tongzhi period. The national situation is in jeopardy, but they are insensitive to it and know almost nothing about the world trend. Their only interest is to study the tricks of writing eight-part essay, and Lu is a typical representative. However, the agitation of the times has, after all, led to the division of the scholar class. Some smart people began to look at the world with wide eyes, pay attention to the knowledge of classics and history of hundreds of scholars, and show strong interest in western learning. Just after the second paragraph of the description of Agile Garden, it was mentioned that the champion returned to his hometown with golden clothes and stayed in Shanghai by boat. Feng Guifen, a well-known figure of the Westernization School, visited us. After greeting, he encouraged Wen Qing in the tone of his elders, saying, "Now it is a transportation era with five continents and four seas, and the knowledge of textual research in the past is inexhaustible ... I think it is best to learn foreign languages and characters now, knowing that he is so rich and powerful, and all the knowledge of sound, light, culture and electricity, as well as the manufacture of ships and guns, should be learned one by one. Later, Jin invited Yipin Xiang as a guest. During the dinner, he listened to Xue (alluding to Xue Fucheng), Wang (alluding to Huang Zunxian) and others, all talking about western politics. He couldn't help feeling ashamed of himself, thinking, "Although I am the top scholar and think I am famous all over the world, I don't know that I am here and have heard a lot of overseas knowledge. I really never dreamed of it! From now on, the name Ding Jia is not reliable. You have to learn some western methods and know something about westernization, and you can make a difference by sending it to the prime minister's yamen! "From this meaningful psychological analysis, it can be seen that in an open city like Shanghai, it has become a fashion for intellectuals to learn western laws and things. After all, with the progress of the times, the traditional textual research on Ci Zhang is far from enough. Westernization thought came into being and prevailed in the world, and the trace of ideological and cultural evolution is very clear. However, westernization has its inherent shortcomings. It only recognizes the scientific and technological progress of western countries, but ignores the progress and superiority of its political system relative to feudal autocracy. With the passage of time, this fatal weakness of attaching importance to the foundation and ending has been more and more recognized by people. Instead, it is the ideological trend of reform and change with the political system reform as its substantive content. By 18, the description of Talking about Ying Hui clearly shows the footprint of this ideological and cultural change. It took more than 20 years for Wei and Jin to return to their hometown via Shanghai to listen to Xue and Wang's opinions on westernization, and to 18 and return to China from Russia via Shanghai to participate in Tan. During this period, profound changes have taken place in the ideological and cultural circles. Kang Youwei's thought of reform and reform began to spread in the society, and at the same time, a number of reformist ideas were differentiated from the Westernization School. Xue and Wang are still a group of people in Tan, and their political views have made great progress compared with 20 years ago. The central topic of "Talking about Ying Hui" is: "What is the first way for me to strengthen myself today? "Around this topic, express your opinions. Or that it is urgent to fight for diplomatic rights; Or think that training should be the first; Still based on economic development; The most convincing argument is that regime change must come first. In fact, this theory eventually became the knowledge of celebrities. Undoubtedly, it belongs to the new trend of thought of reformism.

The novel has been written for 29 times, reflecting the background of the times and the situation after the Sino-Japanese War at the end of 19. Beiyang Navy is the product of Westernization Movement. A fierce battle at sea did not hit the island country of Japan, and almost all the troops were wiped out. This painful lesson gave a great shock to the ideological and cultural circles, and people with consciousness suddenly woke up. They are clearly aware that it is difficult to save the declining motherland only by doing westernization without changing the political system. This reform thought, with the political system reform as its core content, was quite popular after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

At the same time, some radical intellectuals think that the Qing government has been extremely corrupt, the die-hards have an absolute advantage in the imperial court, and peaceful regime change is only a romantic fantasy, which is difficult to put into practice in the end. So, what about their political views? The 29th recitation and the speech of revolutionary leader Qu (alluding to Yang) clearly revealed the essence of revolutionary political proposition: "There are many revolutions in China now! But we can't use the barbaric revolution and ignorant revolution of the past. The previous revolution saved an authoritarian government and added an authoritarian government. Now, the revolution should organize the government of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. " Obviously, this political proposition centered on "overthrowing autocracy and establishing * * * harmony" is more intense and practical than the reform idea! However, in the specific era described in the novel, the revolutionary trend of thought has not yet swept the society. When returning to Syria on the 29th, Chen, the revolutionary backbone, went to Shanghai alone, trying to contact comrades and develop revolutionary forces, but the result made him disappointed. In such a big Shanghai, it is difficult to find a bosom friend. Whether it is a drunkard, a drunken prodigal son, or a timid peddler who only knows how to buy and sell, even "Wang, a respected reform diplomat, only advocates abolishing the imperial examination and promoting the school; Everyone was surprised by the restructuring of the Protestant King Tang (alluding to Kang Youwei), but when it comes to the founding of the country, a constitution is about to be formulated. They are all political theories that help the wall to hit the wall, and there are no wizards who return to Japan. " Chen's worry and anger not only expressed his sincere criticism of reformists, but also reflected the characteristics of the times when revolutionary thoughts lacked bosom friends. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, revolutionary thoughts began to be popular in the world. However, the flower of evil ended in a hurry before this.

In short, following the author's brush strokes, it is not difficult to find the evolution history of political culture in the past 30 years, thus making the novel have the meaning and realm of "historical philosophy". Although there is no lack of exposure and condemnation of corruption in the Qing court in the novel, it is only incidental in the historical process of reflecting political and cultural changes. So "Evil Sea Flower" is a historical novel after all. Only by grasping this essential feature can we have a deeper understanding of this novel.

Of course, historical novels are not history textbooks. Even based on real materials, people can be vividly tested (according to research, there are more than 270 people with life prototypes in novels), but they can never be equated with historical life itself. After all, this is an excellent literary work that combines surprise and truth. The author takes the marriage story of the top scholar Lang Jin Wenqing (alluding to Hong Jun) and the famous prostitute Fu (alluding to Zhao) as the plot line, and cuts out the general situation of important historical events in the past 30 years and related anecdotes, which are integrated into the article.