Paper Keywords: Confucian culture, the sense of anxiety of historians in the Song Dynasty

Abstract: The sense of hardship is the excellent traditional consciousness of China intellectuals. This kind of consciousness is not only a meditation on history, but also a perception of reality, which is mainly manifested in the concern of the intellectual class for the fate and future of the country, the nation and the people. Specific to historians, the sense of hardship is mainly manifested in the concern for the rise and fall of dynasties and countries, as well as the ultimate concern for social stability and people's livelihood. The Song Dynasty attached great importance to the national policy of literati and the national conditions of internal and external troubles, which greatly strengthened the sense of hardship of literati and historians, and made their sense of social responsibility and historical mission of safeguarding the interests of the country and the nation fully displayed and publicized as never before.

? Worried? As an ideology, it refers to people's worries and thoughts about the suffering of nature, society and life. It is not only an exciting and compassionate psychological emotion, but also a persistent pursuit of value choice. The extreme of its development is to care about the future of the country, pay attention to the destiny of the nation, and form a strong patriotic feeling. Since the emergence of mankind, there has been a sense of human suffering. As people's experience of facing nature, society and life directly, the sense of hardship has become an important part of excellent traditional culture and valuable spiritual wealth, which plays an active role in history and reality. It can be said that without worry, there is no sense of crisis, no pursuit, and no motivation to move forward. The reason why the Chinese nation has endless vitality lies in its long-standing sense of hardship. It has been continuous since ancient times, gradually accumulated to the deep level of national psychology, evolved into the universal character of China culture, and became the excellent traditional consciousness of China people, especially the intellectual class. This sense of superiority and inferiority is not only a meditation on history, but also a feeling of reality, which is mainly manifested in people's concern about the fate and future of the country, the nation and the people. As far as historians are concerned, this consciousness is mainly manifested in the concern for the rise and fall of dynasties and countries, and the ultimate concern for social stability and people's livelihood. This kind of reflection is closely related to the essence and function of historians.

First, the anxiety consciousness tradition of historians.

Ancient historians in China have always had a sense of hardship. Mencius commented on Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals. The decline of the world, heretical atrocities, those who wipe the monarch, father and son have it. Confucius was afraid and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. ? This reflects a sense of anxiety when Confucius wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. Confucius' worries are mainly realistic politics, in his words? There is no road in the world? , so he proposed? Ritual therapy? Governance plan; There is another worry, that is, the pros and cons of the collapse of the ceremony and the crisis of civilization. Confucius' position is clear: Zhou Jian is the second generation, and he is gloomy and literary. I followed Zhou. ? It can be seen that Confucius wrote Spring and Autumn Annals to comment on the past history with a strong sense of hardship and the purpose of serving the society and politics. Undoubtedly, this is the greatest value of Confucius' consciousness of treating patients well in the cultural history of China.

The original motivation of Sima Qian's father and son to write Historical Records was out of loyalty and persistence to historical posts. This is what Sima Tan said to Sima Qian: Today, in the heyday of the Han Dynasty, the country was unified, and all the wise and loyal people died, but I was too ambitious to discuss world history, and I was afraid. You are afraid of it, aren't you? Abolish world history? problem He has a strong sense of superiority and inferiority, and a lofty goal of saving world history and literature. He hopes that his son can inherit his unfinished business and write history books, so as to inherit the tradition and great achievements of previous historians, and record the glorious achievements of wise kings, sages, loyal ministers and the dead since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in history, so that they will be immortal. However, when Sima Qian entered into concrete writing, his thoughts were not only focused on? Sven? Isn't the question just right? Zhu Mingxian Jun? 、? Loyal minister and righteous man? Praise and praise, he showed deep concern about the social future under the rule of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and he was right? There are scholars or doctors below the imperial clan, who compete for luxury and have unlimited room clothes. Social fashion shows a faint uneasiness. Therefore, his sense of mission as a serious historian makes his critical pen omniscient, and even Emperor Wu himself is not spared, which shows the author's strong and profound anxiety about the future of the country. What is particularly valuable is that the author's sense of superiority and inferiority sprouted in the heyday of the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, which also reflected the author's high sense of responsibility for the country and the nation! Not only that, Sima Qian was able to go through hardships, bear the burden of humiliation, overcome great mental and physical torture, and finally complete the immortal masterpiece Historical Records, which also drew spiritual strength from historians of past dynasties. In his original words:? Therefore, those people who linger on, believe in pollution, hate endless selfishness, are despicable, and have poor literary talent. ? He said:? Those who are vague in poetry and books want to realize their ambitions. Yesterday Xibo was arrested and played Zhouyi; Confucius, Cai Chen, wrote Spring and Autumn Annals; Qu Yuan was exiled and wrote Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and has "Mandarin"; Sun Tzu's foot burial is not the art of war; It's not Shu, but Lu Lan. Han Fei imprisoned Qin, Difficult and Lonely Anger; There are 300 poems, which are generally attributed to the angry actions of sages. This man has a sense of stagnation and can't understand his way, so he tells the past and thinks about newcomers. ? Obviously, Sima Qian's heavy life consciousness, social consciousness and cultural consciousness finally prompted him to complete his own? Grass creation? Works, and this is the excellent quality of traditional historians in China!

Sima Qian was in the period when the Western Han Dynasty began to decline from its peak. His foresight and keen eye for history made him see this change, so he issued? Things prosper and decline, but they will change? Sigh. Jason Wu, a historian of the Tang Dynasty, had a similar experience. Jason Wu lived in the Tang Dynasty from Wu Zetian to Xuanzong, and experienced the heyday of the Tang Dynasty? Kaiyuan Shi Sheng? At the same time, he was also sensitive to the political decline in the late kaiyuan period of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty. So he wrote the famous book Zhenguan dignitaries. Jason Wu thinks that this book? The discipline of interpersonal relationship is well prepared, but what about military politics? , its significance lies in? Persuade? . Jason Wu is confident in the political role of this book. He said:? State-owned ordinary people can follow the previous trajectory, choose the good and follow it, and then benefit for a long time, but they can make a big difference, especially Yao, Shun, * * * Wen and Wu Zu! Visible, historian Jason Wu is? Reality? Dear: Why not learn from this dynasty rather than Yao, Shun, Wen and Wu? Zhenguan rule? Do it. His realistic attitude is not only to Emperor Taizong. Politicized? Admire, but also out of concern for the late, a generation of power Yang. Moreover, the book begins with Jundao and ends with caution, which also reflects the historian's deep sense of hardship. Similarly, Du You, another historian in the Tang Dynasty, accepted it with pleasure? It is our duty to make others feel at ease with the skill of enriching the country? His political mind and practical historical thoughts have written a series of works that are aimed at connecting the past and the present. Rational? General Code. It is no exaggeration to say that Du You is not only a historian proficient in politics, but also a politician with insight into history. He regards history as the reference of governing the country and politics as the ideal and practice of the historical future predicted by history. It can be said that Du You's success has many factors, but the most important one is the strong sense of hardship brought to him by the decline of the Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion.

Secondly, the sense of hardship and historical writing of historians in Song Dynasty.

The anxiety consciousness of historians in Song Dynasty was influenced by the tradition of anxiety consciousness of historians and inspired by the times.

Song Dynasty is an era full of worries. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, it faced various contradictions, one was foreign invasion, and the other was internal worry. The unification of the Song Dynasty was only partial. Neither the Northern Song Dynasty nor the Southern Song Dynasty was the unified dynasty of China at that time. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao and Xixia fought against the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin lived in the north of China, the Huaihe River and the Qinling Mountains, and the Southern Song Dynasty could only live in seclusion. Liao, Xixia and Jindu invaded the Song Dynasty continuously. However, the ruling group in the Song Dynasty was weak and corrupt, and its national strength was relatively weak, which made it look weak in dealing with foreign invasion. Finally, it was destroyed by the regime established by the northern minorities. Does internal worry refer to the social, political and economic crisis caused by the country? Poverty and weakness? Situation. Ethnic contradictions and class contradictions are extremely sharp and intertwined. Reflected in thought, it is the decline of Confucian culture caused by Buddhist influence. The rise of Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties was the awakening of China intellectuals when faced with the disintegration of the Chinese empire and the challenge of Buddhism.

Based on the above reasons, the intellectuals' sense of hardship in Song Dynasty was particularly dignified. They pay special attention to state affairs, people's sufferings and China traditional culture, which is the expression of the intellectuals' sense of hardship in the Song Dynasty.

Fan Zhongyan, in the story of Yueyang Tower, wrote the deep realm of this sense of hardship, trying to seek the kindness of the ancients or doing something different from them. Why? Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself. If you live high in a temple, you will worry about your people; Far away, the rivers and lakes, far away, the monarch and ministers: if you advance, you will be worried, and if you retreat, you will be worried. But when will you be happy? It must be said: worry about the world first, and then enjoy the world! ? This kind of advance is also worrying, and so is retreat? 、? Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later? Inherit the consciousness and realm of Confucius and Mencius? Happy world, superior world? The idea. However, Fan Zhongyan advocates that the worries of the world should be taken care of first, and the joy of the world should be followed. He advocates that the country is superior, the people are superior, the boundaries are lofty, and the vision is broad. And Mencius advocated? If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are good, you will help the world. And it's even harder to grab a cigarette, and you insist on doing it? Never forget the worries of the world? . This view of hardship embodies the enterprising spirit of striving for lofty ideals and sets up a new personality style for the intellectual class, which has great influence at that time and later generations, so Yueyang Tower has become an immortal masterpiece.

Wang Anshi is another reformer after Fan Zhongyan. Before he carried out the reform, he analyzed various social contradictions at that time and revealed his worries. Shu's social question is:? I thought to myself, your majesty is polite and thrifty, and he is intelligent and talented. He stays up all night and takes a day off. He looks at beautiful things without any cover, but the significance of caring for people and loving things is rich in the world, and those who openly choose what the world wants as a supplement belong to things, not to those arrogant and intelligent ministers. Although this is the original intention of the two emperors and three kings, if the effect is not like this, you can not worry about the society inside, but you can not be afraid of the barbarians outside. The world's financial resources are getting poorer and customs are getting worse. People with lofty ideals in all directions are always afraid of the world for a long time. What is the reason? Suffering from ignorance of laws and regulations. ? It is worth noting that Wang Anshi? People with lofty ideals in all directions are always afraid of the world for a long time. Our sense of hardship has gone beyond personal thoughts and devices, which has certain social significance.

After the change of Jingkang, the second emperor went hunting in the north. Faced with the situation of broken mountains and rivers and the destruction of the country, the focus of the scholar-officials' sense of hardship in the Song Dynasty shifted from internal worries and foreign invasion to foreign invasion. ? Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will courtiers hate it? Stay and clean up the old mountains and rivers from scratch, facing the sky? Yue Fei's passionate fighting spirit represents the aspirations of the literati in the Southern Song Dynasty. So? Make yourself the most important person in the world? The sense of hardship will realize the sense of social responsibility and mission to resist gold and save the country. It can be seen that in the face of the national disaster, the literati in the Song Dynasty took the initiative to save the nation from peril regardless of their personal safety and gains and losses. Despite repeated setbacks and blows, the ambition of resisting gold and saving the country and recovering lost land has never died out. It can be said that the scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty took the world as their responsibility, which was the cultural cornerstone for the Song Dynasty to last for more than 300 years.

There is no doubt that the sense of hardship of historians in Song Dynasty came into being and developed under such conditions. Compared with the scholar-bureaucrats, historians' sense of hardship has a more prominent sense of history, which is deeply reflected in Sima Guang's Preface to the Calendar Years. He wrote: if the husband's way is lost, the government has to put an end to the chaos; There is a high degree of virtue, so there is the size of merit; There are beauty and evil, and there are ups and downs. From the birth of the people to the end of the world, the people who own a country have changed a lot. Before the Three Kings, I saw it in poems, books and Spring and Autumn Annals, so I dare not repeat it. This year, from the Warring States to the Zhou Dynasty, the traces of the rise and fall of all large and small countries were regarded as chaos, and their main points were regarded as maps. One line per year, 60 acts heavy, five acts heavy. When enfeoffment of the world, the year of a country is placed on the top, and the kings of Shu and their first year are tied to it to know the year of each country. Every 1360 year has two years, divided into five volumes, called calendar. ? This is a passage before Sima Guang wrote Zi Tong Zhi Jian, from which we can see that historians and scholars share the same worries about the world. Although Sima Guang and Wang Anshi have different political views, there is no difference in their sense of hardship. On the one hand, Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi for political reform, on the other hand, he generously prefaced the history book edited by Sima Guang, and named it as "A Mirror with Resources", which shows the similarities between the two.

In addition, the deep sense of anxiety of the historians in the Song Dynasty also contains a strong sense of the times. Historian Fan Zuyu is one of Sima Guang's assistants in writing Zi Tong Zhi Jian and the author of Tang Jian. In the preface of this book, he talked about the experience and lessons of Tang Dynasty history and the purpose of writing this book. He pointed out that the prosperity and abolition of the Tang Dynasty was the closest thing to the Northern Song Dynasty, so he proposed? Its governance is not without gentlemen, and its chaos is not without villains. It's all planned and can't be hidden. However, it is better to be supervised today than near the Tang Dynasty. [SJ's understanding. This is similar to Jason Wu's way of understanding history. Fan Zuyu also briefly described the history of more than 100 years after the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, and said meaningfully: Things have been like this in the Tang Dynasty, and so have the results of our ancestors. But, today you are in prison, and you are not in Don! What can we do today? Not our ancestors! The husband only takes the supervision from the Tang Dynasty and the law from the ancestors, then the way to protect the people forever is also. ? Its sense of hardship lies in its profound meaning.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the change of dynasties and the sudden change of political situation inspired historians to have a wider sense of superiority and inferiority. Feeling hurt, excited by loyalty and anger? Influenced by the political and cultural atmosphere, he decided to write a book to preserve the history of faith, cherish good thoughts and warn future generations. Historians have 980 volumes of Zi Zhi Tong Jian (existing 520 volumes), Xu Mengcui has 250 volumes of Three Dynasties North Alliance Compilation, and Li Xinchuan has 200 volumes of Yan Guo Jian Chao Nian Zhi. Do these historical books belong to the history of Song Dynasty or not? Contemporary history? , all? Worried about the world? 、? Blood and tears? Work. Historian Li Xinchuan once advised Song Lizong and analyzed the relationship between politics and natural disasters. He said: Your Majesty is willing to rule here for seven years. What is the reason? Change the rules, no routine, then politics is not good; If you go to your house to send it, if you don't stop for a day, it will make the people sick; The garden temple as the capital, the work is very tense, and then the civil camp is carried out; Send a female crown, the sound is blazing, then the female is full of thirst; If you smell a rare gift, you will go straight ahead; Carp's words are cut, and many kinds of carp refuse them, so they prosper. These six things, one or two, are enough to cause early disasters. Moreover, Li Xinchuan has been dismissed twice because of suggestions. In connection with the above quotation, we can imagine him as a person. Is that the only way? Have a history, fax photos? Li Xinchuan's historical works naturally contain profound sense of superiority and inferiority.

Yuan Shu, another historian in this period, creatively changed the chronological style Zi Jian into the chronological style Ending the Chronological Style, and entrusted his? Love you, worry about your country, owe the world? . So the poet Yang Wanli at that time said:? Reading Yuan Zishu today, if you are born at the right time, will make people feel mixed and inspiring. Not only that, but also sigh and cry! ? It embodies the social influence that history books can produce, and also embodies the appeal of historians' sense of hardship.

Thirdly, the enlightenment to the anxiety consciousness of historians in Song Dynasty.

The anxiety consciousness of historians in Song Dynasty is the inheritance and development of the anxiety consciousness of traditional historians in China. It not only has an important influence on the generation of the sense of hardship of later historians, but also is an important factor to measure the personality strength of China intellectuals. Studying the anxiety consciousness of historians in Song Dynasty will also leave us some important enlightenment.

(1) The sense of hardship of historians in the Song Dynasty is an important part of China's traditional Confucian culture and the essence of Confucian cultural thought.

Traditional Confucian culture is full of humanistic spirit. It attaches importance to moral cultivation, emphasizes the self-improvement of personality, advocates a positive attitude towards life, and cares about the future of the country, the fate of the nation and the survival of people's livelihood, which has become its ultimate concern, showing a high degree of national integrity and patriotic feelings. Looking back at history, is it Confucius? Virtue can't be repaired, learning can't be discussed, learning can't be moved, and bad can't be changed. This is my advantage. Worried about the country and the people, or Mencius? Those who enjoy the people, the people enjoy themselves; Those who worry about the people, the people also worry about their worries. Happy in the world, worried in the world, but not king, nothing? The superior thought of Xicheng; Is it Du Fu? Worried about Li Yuan in poor years, sighing for the heat in the intestines? Sigh, or Bai Juyi? Only songs give birth to people's diseases, and hope that the emperor will know? The cry; Whether it's Fan Zhongyan? Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later? State affairs, or Yue Fei? Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will courtiers hate it? Stay and clean up the old mountains and rivers from scratch, facing the sky? Fighting spirit; Whether it's song or. Apart from the sufferings of the world, was it Gu Xiancheng in the late Ming Dynasty who took it as his duty to protect the people of the world? The idea is not in the people, the idea is not in the world, that is, he envies and the gentleman despises it? Our honesty is not only the development of the sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucian culture, but also the endless internal motive force of the Chinese nation, which has become the classics of Confucian culture.

(2) The sense of hardship of historians in Song Dynasty broke through the limitation that most scholars were loyal to the feudal court in history, and showed the ultimate concern for the interests of the country and the people. In the words of Rusong and Zhang Zai? Stand for heaven and earth, stand for the people, link the past with the future, and create peace for all generations? . Their sense of superiority and inferiority, in the final analysis, highlighted the Spring and Autumn Period? Loyalty? The original connotation of. This kind? Loyalty? The original connotation of "Wei", to borrow Mr. Wei's words, is it? Conscious sense of responsibility and moral behavior towards others and society? , is it? Developed in the Spring and Autumn Period? Love for the people and Confucianism? Cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order, govern the country and level the world? what's up Takuji? And then what? Tao is responsible? Pragmatic spirit? . At the critical juncture concerning the interests of the country and the nation, the struggle spirit of being loyal to the country, to the society and to safeguarding national independence, and the sense of social responsibility of caring for the country and the people, serving the public and caring for the country and the people are vivid manifestations of this sense of hardship, which has had an important impact on the formation of the sense of hardship of later historians.

(3) The consciousness of comparing with patients often comes from the eventful autumn when the national luck and people's livelihood decline. Confucius and Mencius lived in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when feudal lords competed for hegemony and social contradictions intensified. Therefore, they began to pursue the social ideal of bringing peace and stability to the country and the world with a deep sense of hardship. Du You and Han Yu lived in the late Tang Dynasty, when the vassal regime was divided and the court was in crisis. Therefore, they can shoulder the historical responsibility of advocating reform and the history of Confucian classics with a strong sense of hardship. Wang Anshi and Ouyang Xiu lived in the Northern Song Dynasty, where the civil war was defeated and people's livelihood was difficult. Therefore, they hold a sense of superiority and inferiority with dignity and urge innovation and reform. Yue Fei and Wen Tianxiang lived in the Southern Song Dynasty with foreign invasion and weak national strength, so they embraced each other? Worrying about your country is like home? Generate's sense of hardship shows his great ambition to defeat the enemy and make meritorious deeds, and even finally he died for his country and went to national disaster. Wait, the list goes on. These patriotic feelings with distinctive characteristics of the times, based on worrying about the country and the people and taking the world as their responsibility, are still inspiring and yearning even after thousands of years.

(d) What is the depth of the anxiety consciousness of historians in the Song Dynasty? Never forget the danger? 、? Do you remember death? 、? Will you forget the chaos? It is this strong thought and belief? Be prepared for danger in times of peace? Consciousness has given the weak history of the Song Dynasty a glorious side: economic prosperity, scientific and technological development, brilliant literature and history, and talented people. It can be said that these achievements are not only the accumulation of history, but also the creation of people in the Song Dynasty, but their highly developed literature, history and culture are ultimately the fruitful results brought by the dignified and anxious consciousness of the literati class in the Song Dynasty. Nowadays, the culture of the Song Dynasty is admired by later generations, not only because of its unique philosophical, historical, literary and scientific inventions, but also because it includes the literati of the Song Dynasty? Be prepared for danger in times of peace? What are your thoughts and beliefs? Worrying about your country is like home? The spirit of.

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Summing up the full text, it can be summarized as follows: first, the sense of hardship of historians in Song Dynasty is a reflection of historical responsibility, national mission and patriotic feelings, which embodies the realm and pursuit of the Chinese nation's endeavor and self-improvement; Secondly, the sense of hardship of historians in Song Dynasty is not only an excellent part of China traditional culture, but also plays an important role in promoting the melting and casting of the perfect personality of later intellectuals. ? Born in sorrow, died in happiness? , should always be vigilant to us!