1. What are the characteristics of Renaissance melodies?
Mainly progressive, it is singing, which is related to the cadence of lyrics. Sometimes, some words in the lyrics are visually simulated by "illustrations".
According to the custom of western music history, there is a word that refers to the period from 1430 to 1600; This period coincides with the great development of western culture, society, art and technology (1300- 1600), that is, the French word "Renaissance". The word was originally put forward by Misley to represent a vast historical period.
1 Introduction
Burckhardt (J.Burckhardt, 1860), whose article has great influence, thinks that Italy is the source of a great cultural change. This revolution began in14th century, and after 1500 years, it gradually spread new ideas to northern Europe, marking the emergence of a new civilization, and even affected the end of17th century in some areas.
Literally speaking, this word means "rebirth", regardless of historical facts, which is not exaggerated, but reflects the tendency of influential thinkers and writers to openly deny "the Middle Ages" and advocate the ancient times during the period of 1400- 1600 (the word was not used at that time). In view of different opinions, it is beneficial to distinguish the two common meanings given by historians to the word "Renaissance": in a narrow sense, it is basically a movement aimed at restoring the value of ancient philosophy and art; Broadly speaking, it is a period when new ideals and concepts emerge from individuals to society, and it is a period of discovery and leap. During this period, new inventions are associated with the old "golden age" to prove their value.
Buckhardt and other experts in the Renaissance emphasized the epoch-making significance of the progress in this period. Although there is still debate on this point, no one doubts its importance only in degree. These advances include: the rise of secular humanism, putting forward the educational viewpoint of attaching importance to grammar, rhetoric and ethical philosophy, which is in direct opposition to the scholasticism of medieval metaphysics; The developed view of history and the exploration and textual research of ancient books laid the foundation for "new learning"; The invention of printing brought about the wide spread of culture and the change of thinking mode; Due to the discovery of the New World and the Copernican Revolution, the traditional concept of space has been broken in the universe and geography. The Protestant Reform Movement dealt a heavy blow to Christianity in the Middle Ages, which brought great changes to the complicated but stable situation in the past. In visual arts, the new interest in classical forms and the pursuit of direct expression of human life and feelings conflict with the more religious, abstract and expressionless medieval artistic ideas.
Music History and Renaissance
Burckhardt's viewpoint fascinated the intellectuals in the middle of19th century, including music historians, and soon led to an in-depth study of the "Renaissance" in music. When people use the word Renaissance, they often confuse its broad sense and narrow sense. This situation is not uncommon in the history of music, and it is an inevitable problem for a widely used vocabulary; The concept originally put forward by Burckhardt was soon broken. In fact, all the phenomena that occurred within the recognized time limit were included in the category of the word "Renaissance". As early as 1868, A.W.Ambros proposed that15th century and16th century should be regarded as an inseparable and complete historical stage. His views were accepted by many people in later generations, including Pirlo, but they did not necessarily use the specific term "Renaissance". After Ambrose, the two men put forward different views on the division of the times. Riemann thinks that 1300- 1500 should be classified as "the early Renaissance", while Edward J. Dent thinks that the rise of Monodi around 1600 should be regarded as the lower limit of the "literary" era. They all think that the Renaissance ended in the first half of the 17th century, the word "Baroque" was borrowed from art history (mainly C. Sachs, 19 19), and the rise of opera and other corresponding developments were regarded as the beginning of a new era. It was once thought (such as Wellesz, Wellars) that the beginning of the Baroque period should be advanced to around 1540. Some scholars have suggested that there should be a period of affectation between Renaissance and Baroque (another term borrowed from art history), but this view has been opposed and not universally recognized. The consensus view at present is that. By the second half of the15th century, a complete set of concepts had been formed in musical concepts and musical languages, marking the birth of a new era. It was not until around 1625 that its basic principle of "service" was completely replaced. Everyone agrees that this stage can be called "Renaissance". There is no other reason for this, mainly because it happened in the late Renaissance in a broad sense and belongs to the scope of the Renaissance in time. This is a compromise, which is equivalent to saying that the two are just coincidences in time. Reese quietly adopted this statement in his book Music of the Renaissance. The other view is more controversial and challenging. According to this theory, the narrow sense of "Renaissance"-that is, restoring ancient ways-had a great influence on the theory and practice of music, and to some extent decided the worship of classical spirit in music. Of course, this influence is not as direct as in the fields of art and architecture.
The concept of music and revival
The concept of "revival" first gained a firm foothold in literature and visual arts, and then spread to music. Since the14th century, scholars in Italy, especially in Florence, have often quoted the names of so-and-so writers or artists, saying that they have successfully awakened some ancient arts that were annihilated in the "dark ages". Around 1350, Boccaccio proposed Giotto, saying that he "made the art buried under the soil for hundreds of years reappear its former glory"; /kloc-in 0/400, vilani, a historian in Florence, said in his works that Dante "brought the art of poetry back to the brilliant sunshine from the dark abyss". Vasari expounded this view most authoritatively and systematically in the preface of his book Biography of Famous Painters, which made it popular in16th century. In his view, the most influential factors in early art history are the complete destruction during the barbarian invasion of Italy and the revival of13rd century, which began in Chimabue and Giotto. After several stages of continuous improvement, it finally reached the peak of perfection, and its representative figures were Raphael and Michelangelo, contemporary authors.
In the field of music theory, Tinctoris first expressed some similar views, but from his series of articles (written in 1474- 1484), we can see that his thinking method still belongs to the Middle Ages, which is a bit like the summary of all music knowledge at that time. However, these articles also show that the author is obviously inclined to humanism, which may reflect the general tendency of Naples at the end of the fifteenth century. In the preface of his book Proponential E (1476), Tantori quoted Zalatu's words to prove the ancient Greek view that music science is "supreme" and a person who doesn't know music can't be considered educated. In his imagination, the power of music can touch "gods, undead, demons, beasts and even inanimate things". He pointed out that in recent years, especially around 1440, due to the contribution of Dunstable and his contemporaries, the expressive power of music has been greatly improved. In the preface (1477) written for his article counterpoint, Tantori asserts that the opinions of experts are reasonable, and professional music creation is only a matter of nearly forty years. The music of later masters such as Dunstable and his successors Du Fei and Bing Joyce created a kind of "new art".
In the16th century, with the further understanding and acceptance of musicians, the concept of revival was borrowed into literature and art. Bartoli, a Florentine scholar, proposed in an article with dialogue style (the article was published in 1567, but its writing time should be 1543) that Okghem "rediscovered" the music that was actually dead. And compared him with Donatello, the rediscover of sculpture art. Since then, Bartoli compared Josquin and Michelangelo to "natural miracles", saying 1558, and Zarino completely accepted the anti-medieval view. Obviously, he was influenced by vasari both in general and on specific issues. In his works, ancient music embodies a "perfect realm", while medieval music is a "bottomless abyss". Vial, his teacher in Venice, is regarded as "contemporary Pythagoras" and thinks that he has opened up new possibilities and made music embark on the road of vigorous development.
In addition to these ideas and metaphors, humanists have made more practical contributions. They gradually translated the original works of ancient China people, enabling modern scholars to learn knowledge from ancient Greek music works. Because there are no actual ancient music works, this knowledge is very lacking and inaccurate, but the scholars at that time were still. Understand a large part of all ancient theoretical documents and put them into practice; Their achievements are beyond doubt. As early as the end of16th century, their knowledge of ancient documents was comparable to what we have today. Until 1470, the main material for studying the knowledge of ancient music was the works of Boatius. However, in the second half of the15th century, a large number of educational books and encyclopedias were published, which made the works of isidore and quintilian in Seville spread all over the world. Their works were published in 1470, in which the latter played an important role in the educational theory of the Renaissance. 1500, Ficino translated the complete works of Plato in Latin, and Aristotle's On Poetry was also translated and published. Although the influence of Aristotle's views on scholasticism can be seen in the early stage of medieval music theory, his On Poetry is little known. By the16th century, Plato had caught up with Aristotle in the importance of music thought, but Plato's influence was not directly applied to the traditional music theory, but often appeared in the works of literati and scholars before being accepted by musicians. 15 18, Caffuriue prepared to translate all the music papers left by Bacos, Ptolemy and Kvintilian. By 1588, Jalia claimed (in his book Music Heritage) that he had read these works, as well as the works of Euclid, Nicomarcos and others. At his instigation. 1562, Aristotle's overtone was published. According to these materials, Salinas initiated an in-depth discussion of ancient Greek theory in 1577.
As of 158 1, in the book Dialogue between Ancient Music and Modern Music by Galileo, three works of ancient Greece-hymns of the famous Medes in Byzantine period were published for the first time.
The trend of "worshipping the past" in this period is also found in a large number of other works, but it is mostly used to defend new things rather than retro. One of them is Glarean's theory of twelve modes (1547), the main point of which is to replace Poitius' eight modes system with twelve modes, and to unify its names with the so-called antique modes as far as possible, thus changing the traditional mode system. Vicentino's book Ancient Music System in Modern Music Practice (1555) is even more thorough. He tried to prove that there were not only natural sound systems in ancient times, but also various and equal sound systems, and expounded how to apply them in modern fixed-tone music.
May (Girolamo Mei), Galilee, and Giovanni de Bardi. As well as the works about the essence and characteristics of ancient music written by others related to Florence Camerata, the view of ancient cultural revival is still prevalent, which provides a theoretical basis and classics for the creative practice of drama poetry, leading to the birth of1opera in the 1990s.