The role of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide in HIV infection
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? In order to evaluate the effect of β -glucan MD fraction extracted from maitake on patients infected with HIV, a long-term experiment was conducted. The CD4+ cell count, viral load, symptoms of AIDS infection, secondary incidence and health status of HIV-infected people who participated in the experiment were monitored. CD4+ cell count increased to 1.4- 1.8 times in 20 patients, and decreased to 0.8-0.5 times in 8 patients. The viral load increased in 9 patients and decreased in 10 patients. Nevertheless, 85% of the subjects feel better about the symptoms and secondary diseases caused by HIV, which shows that the D part of Maitake has a positive impact on HIV patients.
Key words:? Anti-HIV activity, CD4+ cells, maitake, interleukin -2, MD part.
Note: CD4+ cells are important immune cells in human immune system. Because the target of HIV attack is CD4+ cells, the test results play an important role in judging the therapeutic effect of AIDS and the immune function of patients.
original document
The role of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide in HIV infection
Hiroaki Hiraoka Namba 1)*, Koji Koko 1), Douglas Shaer 2) and Dennis Turner 2)
1) Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4- 19- 1,
658-8558, Kobe, Japan, Benshanbei Town, East Nada District
2) Clinical Research Center for Herbal Medicine, Columbia Road 140, E2 7RG, London, UK
β -glucan MD-Fraction extracted from Grifola frondosa? The health status of individuals with HIV infection was evaluated by long-term experiments. By monitoring CD4+ cell count, viral load measurement, HIV infection symptoms, secondary disease status and happiness, the HIV status of 35 respondents who participated in the study was tracked. Twenty patients reported that CD4+ cell count increased to 1.4- 1.8 times, and 8 patients reported that CD4+cell count decreased to 0.8-0.5 times. It is reported that the viral load of 9 patients increased and that of 10 patients decreased. However, 85% of the respondents said that they were happier with various symptoms and secondary diseases caused by HIV. These results show that the D fraction of Maitake has a positive effect on HIV patients.
Key words:? Anti-HIV activities; CD4+ cells; Grifola frondosa; IL-2; MD score
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV infection, which attacks helper T cells (CD4+ cells) and reduces the body's immunity. In 199 1, we studied the effect of Grifola frondosa extract (called MD fraction) on HIV, which is considered to be the cause of AIDS. It was found that sulfated MD fraction prevented HIV from killing helper T (CD4+) cells: When the concentration of sulfated MD fraction was about 1 pg/ml, almost 100% CD4+ cells survived under the attack of HIV. The results were published in the abstract paper of the 8th International AIDS Conference held in Amsterdam in July 1992. The National Institute of Health and the National Cancer Institute of the United States also confirmed the anti-HIV activity of the sulfated MD fraction. Doctors in NCI have realized that sulfated MD fraction is the most effective of all anti-HIV polysaccharides known so far, and it is as effective as AZT. However, sulfated MD fractions have strong toxic side effects on cells in vivo. On the other hand, we have reported that β 1 3- branched β 1 6- glucan (called MD fraction) can enhance the activity of immunocompetent cells (Hishida et al.,1988; Namba et al.,1987; Namba et al., 1993). In this paper, we report that maitake seems to act on HIV at several levels, by (a) directly inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), (b) stimulating the body's own natural defense system against HIV, and (c) making the body less susceptible to opportunistic diseases.
Materials and methods:
Preparation of Grifola frondosa slices? Tablets containing 250 mg of dried maitake powder (φ200 microns) and 5 mg of vitamin C were prepared by tabloid machine. Preparation of MD-Fraction? Dissolve dried maitake powder (500g) in 3000ml distilled water at 65438 020℃. After 60 min, the water-soluble layer was saturated with equal volume of ethanol at 4℃. After removing floating objects, the ethanol solution was saturated to 80% with ethanol and stored at 4℃? The precipitate obtained by centrifugation at 5,000× g for 20 minutes was suspended in a small amount of distilled water, and protein was removed by DEAE- cellulose column (4×80cm). Finally, 1 g purified MD fraction was prepared.
Detecting virus particles? It is known that the HIV genome has nine genes, three structural proteins and six regulatory proteins. Anti-HIV-Env antibodies were produced in blood 10 weeks 12 years after HIV infection. Antigen coagulation test was carried out with HIV-Env antibody collected from blood. The viral load in 50μl serum of patients was counted. Detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2)? The production of IL-2 in blood was detected by IL-2 ELISA kit. After treating 10 μl blood with CD4+- monoclonal antibody (Cytovax Biotechologies Inc), CD4+ cells were counted by flow cytometry analysis. By subtracting CD4+ cell count from the total number of T cells determined by flow cytometry analysis, the count of CD8+ cells was obtained.
Manage maitake? Each HIV carrier takes 6 grams of tablets or 20 mg of purified MD fraction and 4 grams of tablets every day for 360 days.
Results:
The main focus of monitoring HIV disease progression is CD4+ cells (helper T cells). The normal range of CD4+ cell count is 500- 1, 200 cells/10μl blood. Levels of 200-500 cells indicate that some damage has occurred. When the number of cells is less than 200, individuals are prone to secondary diseases. Increased viral load indicates an increased risk of CD4+ cell damage. The importance of these activities in HIV infection is related to the immune system. Both IL-2 and interferon are activated by the immune system's response to viral infection. Thirty-five subjects (24 in the UK and 12 in the US) took Mairong Tablet 12 months later, 20 subjects reported an increase in CD4+ cell count and 8 subjects reported a decrease in CD4+ cell count, as shown in Table 1. Nine interviewees reported an increase in viral load, 10 reported a decrease in viral load, and two patients reported a stable viral load. Typical individual results are as follows.
Patient a? During the study, the CD4+ count of the first 90 cells rose to as high as 460 cells (average CD4+ count: 355), but no viral load was detected from beginning to end. Previous symptoms included Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and allergic conjunctivitis, all of which were alleviated and controlled during the study. Patients have been reporting feeling very good and their energy level has been greatly improved. Patient b? After treatment, the CD4+ count of the first 400 cells increased to 620 cells. The viral load in CD4+ cells decreased from 15200 copies /ml to 5000 copies /ml. After maitake treatment, the yield of IL-2 also increased by 3. 1 fold. Previous symptoms include Kaposi's sarcoma, wart, anal wart, anal herpes, diarrhea, chest infection and fatigue. After the study period, when patients received 6 grams of Mairong tablets and 20 mg of MD grade every day, Kaposi sarcoma became static, warts and anal warts disappeared, and other symptoms became intermittent.
Patient c? After the study, the initial CD4+ count of 5 10 cells showed little change at 500 cells, but the viral load of 60,000 copies /ml in CD4+ cells decreased to 1 1,000 copies /ml. Sweating during the day and night, cold attack, mucosal irritation and fatigue were the previous symptoms, but all the symptoms disappeared after the treatment of Grifola frondosa. In particular, a direct effect on sweating was observed. Patient d? During the study, the initial CD4+ count of 425 rose to 680 (average 5 13.3). The viral load increased from 20,000 copies/ml to 93,000 copies/ml, but the previous symptoms such as candida, catarrh, irritable bowel and muscle pain in skin, mouth and stomach were all improved by maitake. Patient e? During the study, the initial CD4+ count of 17 cells decreased to 7 cells, while the viral load increased from 55,000 copies /ml to 62,000 copies /ml. Despite the treatment with maitake, AIDS, oral candidiasis and wasting diseases persist as previous symptoms. Tables 2 and 3 show the CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load of other patients who received Maitake treatment 1 year. As we all know, long-term infection with HIV will lead to serious symptoms and secondary diseases. Therefore, as shown in Table 4 and Table 5, we checked that these symptoms and diseases were improved by maitake treatment. Symptoms that depend on HIV infection, such as weight loss, alopecia, night sweats, fever, dry cough and leg pain, are improved by maitake in almost 50% of patients (as shown in Table 4), and secondary diseases, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, herpes, Kaposi sarcoma and mycoplasma disease, are cured in 40-50% of patients. Table 6 shows the percentage of patients who reported changes in symptoms and happiness after treatment.
Discuss? ：
After oral administration in animals, the MD fraction showed an enhancement effect on CD4+ cells (target cells of HIV) (Hishida et al., 1988). Although this is a non-controlled trial, this clinical study shows that MD-Fraction and maitake powder are effective for patients with breast cancer, lung cancer or liver cancer. These human experiments show that the active components of maitake have significant therapeutic and preventive potential for HIV responders by stimulating the immune system. This study showed that when MD fraction and maitake maitake enhanced the activity of immunocompetent cells such as macrophages, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) or helper T cells (CD4+), HIV in CD4+ cells was directly killed or its proliferation was inhibited. However, even though the activity of these cells is increased by MD-Fraction, HIV in CD4+ cells of AIDS patients has not decreased. All the results shown here show that there is evidence to support a more systematic investigation on the potential benefits of maitake and MD-Fraction in the treatment of HIV infection. The results also show that this experimental study needs to be carried out on a larger scale, because many questions are still unanswered.
Cited documents:
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Nanba H, Binkou A, Kuroda h 1987. Chemical structure of anti-tumor polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa fruiting body. Chemistry. Pharmaceutical industry. Bull. 35:? 1 162- 1 168.
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