1974, his research turned to the theory of quantum gravity. Although people haven't got a successful theory, they have found some characteristics of it. For example, on the Planck scale (10-33 cm), space-time is not flat, but in a powder state. In quantum gravity, there is no pure state, and the causal relationship is destroyed, thus making.
After 1980, Hawking's interest turned to quantum cosmology.
But in July 2004, he revised his original viewpoint of "black hole paradox", and information should be lasting.
Stephen william hawking's life is legendary. In terms of scientific achievements, he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history. His contribution was made when he was confined to a wheelchair for 20 years because of Luger's disease. This is really unprecedented. His contribution has a far-reaching impact on the concept of human beings, so the media has had a lot of descriptions about how he fought against total paralysis. Therefore, God is fair to everyone. He has a physical defect. Nevertheless, one of the translators (Wu) first met him at 1979. It was the first time I went to Cambridge to attend the seminar of Hawking Group on general relativity. As soon as the back door was opened, a very weak electric sound suddenly sounded behind his head. Looking back, I saw a scrawny man reclining in an electric wheelchair and turning on the electric switch himself. Try to be polite and not too surprised. However, he has long been used to being surprised at the degree of disability of people who meet for the first time. He has to work hard to raise his head. Before he lost his voice, he could only speak in a very weak deformed language and could not understand it until he worked and lived with him for several months. He can't write, so he has to turn pages by machine. When reading literary works, he must spread out every page on a big desk. Then he drives a wheelchair and reads page by page like a silkworm eating mulberry leaves. People have to pay deep respect to the human soul who pursues the ultimate truth with such a strong will. From his help to the translator's private affairs, we can realize that he is a friendly person. Every day he drives a wheelchair from his home at No.5 Cambridge West Road. After crossing the beautiful Jianhe River and the ancient King's College, he headed for the office of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics on Yin Jie Street. A slope was specially built in the department to facilitate him to take a wheelchair. Despite his disability, Hawking is still very optimistic. He also proved the area theorem of black holes. In Cambridge University with rich academic tradition, his position is the highest professorship in the history of Cambridge University. That's Lucas, a professor of mathematics, held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is the youngest member of the Royal Society. In public evaluation, he is considered as one of the most outstanding theoretical physicists after Albert Einstein. He proposed that BIGBANG starts from the singularity, and from this moment on, the black hole will eventually evaporate. An important step has been taken to unify the two basic theories of physics in the 20th century-Einstein's theory of relativity and Planck's quantum theory. He was confined to a wheelchair for 40 years because of "gradual freezing" (Luger's disease of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), but he still maintained his physical disability and turned it into an advantage, overcoming his disability and becoming a supernova in the international physics community. He can't write, and even speaks vaguely. But he went beyond relativity, quantum mechanics and big bang theory and entered the "geometric dance" to create the universe. Although he is so helpless in a wheelchair, his thoughts travel brilliantly in the vast space-time and solve the mystery of the universe. Hawking's charm lies not only in his legendary physical genius, but also in his impressive life. His constant pursuit of scientific spirit and brave and tenacious personality strength deeply attracted everyone who knew him. Suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, he is almost paralyzed and unable to pronounce, but he still published A Brief History of Time at 1988, which has sold more than 25 million copies so far and become one of the best-selling popular science works in the world. He is praised by the world as "the best in life"
Ding Zhaozhong1936 65438+/KLOC-0 was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA on October 27th. He attended primary schools in Chongqing, Nanjing and Qingdao. 1948 I went to Taiwan Province Province with my parents and studied in Taichung for another year. Ding Zhaozhong was admitted to Success Middle School first, and then to Jianguo Middle School in Taiwan Province Province the next year, where he received a strict education. He did well in math, physics and history. He graduated from Jianguo Middle School 1955 High School and was admitted to department of mechanical engineering, national cheng kung university. 1956 transferred to the University of Michigan, the Department of Physical Mathematics. He received his master's degree in 1960 and his doctorate in physics in 1963. He works at the European Institute of Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland. 1964 works at Columbia University. He became a lecturer at new york Columbia University from 1965. 1967 Professor of Physics Department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1969 Professor. Professor Thomas Dudley Cabot 1977, 1970 Consultant of Particle and Field Research Project of American Physical Association, and Deputy Editor of Bulletin of Nuclear Physics. From 1975, he was elected as an academician of American College of Arts and Sciences [1]. He is an academician of the American Academy of Sciences, and his research direction is high-energy experimental particle physics. Including the study of quantum electrodynamics, the unified theory of weak current and quantum chromodynamics. The experimental team led by Mark Jay has worked in several international experimental centers. Ding Zhaozhong's way of thinking and communication is extremely unique, which makes people feel confused when they communicate with him for the first time. However, if you listen carefully, you will know that his thinking is not chaotic, but what he wants to say is too complicated to be expressed reasonably in words. This is something that everyone who has listened to his lectures must have a deep understanding of.
honour
Because of Ding Zhaozhong's contribution to physics, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, the Lorenz Prize awarded by the American government and the Tekasperry Prize awarded by the Italian government, 1988. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a foreign member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, a member of the Academia Sinica in China, and a member of the Pakistani Academy of Sciences. He was awarded this award by the University of Michigan (1977).
Honorary doctorates were awarded by Lipopologna University (1988) and Columbia University (1990). Honorary Professor of China Shanghai Jiaotong University and Beijing Normal University, Honorary President of Qufu Normal University and Rizhao Vocational and Technical College. 1977 was awarded the Irene Gold Medal 5438+0977 by the American Society of Engineering Science. 1988 won the Leopard Excellence Award in taormina, Italy, and the Science Gold Award in Brescia, Italy. A few days ago, the 2005 World Physics Year was launched in Europe. He led 58/kloc-0 physicists from 43 first-class universities and research institutes in the United States, French, German, China and other countries. On the world's most powerful proton collider built in Geneva,
Ding Zhaozhong's academic thought is characterized by attaching great importance to experiments in scientific research. He believes that physics is developed on the basis of the close interaction between experiment and theory, and the basis of theoretical progress is that theory can explain the existing experimental facts and predict new phenomena that can be confirmed by experiments. When an experimental result in physics contradicts the theoretical prediction, a revolution in physics will occur. Based on nearly a quarter century's history of physics and personal experience, he pointed out that many important experiments, such as the discovery of parity non-conservation and parity compound symmetry (CP) in the decay of K mesons, the discovery of J particles and the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, have opened up new research fields in physics. However, these experimental findings were made in advance without theoretical interest. Another example is the basic discovery of particle physics made by high-energy accelerator experiments in recent years, except for W particles and Z particles, which were hardly predicted when the accelerator was built. He stressed that no theory can refute the experimental results. On the contrary, if a theory does not conform to the facts observed in the experiment, then it cannot exist. His view of attaching importance to scientific experiments is very enlightening to scientific workers.
Found the J particle and won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Starting from 1965, the experimental group led by Ding Zhaozhong conducted a series of excellent experiments on quantum electrodynamics and vector mesons (ρ, Ω, φ) at the electron synchrotron (beam energy is 7.5× 109eV) in Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. It includes the study of photogenerated vector mesons and vector meson decay, the experimental test of vector basis model, the measurement of photogenerated phase of ρ, ω and φ mesons and the accurate measurement of interference parameters of ρ and ω mesons, which promotes the understanding of vector mesons (see mesons). Experiments also prove the correctness of quantum electrodynamics. In the summer of 2008+0972, Ding Zhaozhong experimental group used the 3.3× 10 10eV proton accelerator of Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States to search for the proton accelerator with the mass between (1.5 ~ 5.5 )×109 ev.30438+0974. They found a long-lived hit particle with a mass about three times that of protons (mass 3.655). When making this discovery public, Ding Zhaozhong named this new particle J, whose shape is similar to that of D, which means Ding Zhaozhong.
This is a particle discovered by China. At the same time, American B. richter also discovered this kind of particle and named it ψ particle. Later (1975), people called this kind of particle J/ψ particle. J/ψ particles have peculiar properties, and their life value is 5000 times larger than expected. This shows that it has a new internal structure, which can not be explained by the three-flavor quarks known at that time, but introduces the fourth quark, the charm quark. The discovery of J/ψ particles greatly promoted the development of particle physics. Therefore, Ding Zhaozhong and Li Xite * * * won the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics. At that time, there was a misunderstanding in the press: J particle was considered as "Ding particle". This is purely coincidental. Ding Zhaozhong's original intention was to use this particle to commemorate this important new discovery that they spent 65,438+00 years exploring the properties of electromagnetic current. In addition, the electromagnetic current is represented by J in the physical literature, so Ding Zhaozhong named this new particle with the Latin letter "J".
quantum electrodynamics
Ding Zhaozhong's research focuses on experimental particle physics, quantum electrodynamics and the interaction between light and matter. Up to now, his major academic contributions are: (1) the discovery of anti-deuterium; (2) In the past 25 years, a series of experiments have been carried out to examine quantum electrodynamics, which show that electrons, muons and τ-ons are point particles with a radius less than 10- 16 cm; (3) the experiment of accurately studying vector mesons; (4) Studying the photogenerated vector mesons and confirming the similarity between photons and vector mesons; (5) the discovery of J particles; (6) Study on the generation of muon pairs; (7) Discovery of gluon injection; (8) Systematic study of gluon physics; (9) The accurate measurement of muon charge asymmetry shows the correctness of the standard electric weak model for the first time; (10) Within the framework of the standard model, it is confirmed that there are only three generations of neutrinos in the universe.
Enthusiastic training of high-energy physics talents
Starting from 198 1, Ding Zhaozhong organized and led an international cooperation group-L3 group, which will carry out high-energy physics experiments on the high-energy electron-positron collider LEP, which is expected to be built at the European Nuclear Center in10/ev, and will look for it in the energy region of the center of mass. Especially the Higgs particle predicted by weak current theory (see Higgs mechanism), and study Z0 and other new phenomena of particle physics. At present, L3 group has nearly 400 physicists from about 13 countries including China. Ding Zhaozhong is keen on training high-energy physics talents in China, and often selects young scientists from China to work in the group he leads. He is an honorary professor of China University of Science and Technology and a member of the Academic Committee of Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Leading the experiment of "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer" to explore antimatter
1On June 2, 998, at 6: 09 a.m. EDT, the space shuttle Discovery lifted off with the Alpha magnetic spectrometer Ding Zhaozhong developed by China and the United States.
"Running the experiment started the search for antimatter and dark matter in space for the first time. Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Experiment is a large-scale international cooperative scientific experiment project, led by Professor Ding Zhaozhong, with the participation of physicists and engineers from 37 research institutions in the United States, China, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Finland and other countries and regions, including more than 200 scientists and engineers in China alone. Its purpose is to find antimatter and dark matter in space. Judging from the received 1% data, the data returned by the "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer" running on the space shuttle is working normally, and the expected antiprotons have appeared. However, due to the small number, it cannot be said that antimatter has been found. Alpha magnetic spectrometer will return to the ground with the space shuttle on 12 this month. Next time it will be in. And will stay in space for 3-5 years. The Alpha Space Station will be established in the second half of this year, and the first batch of components will go into space for the first time on1998+065438+1October 20th.
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