The word "architecture" has the deepest impression in people's minds, such as the house they live in, the tall buildings in shopping malls, the sculptures on the roadside and so on. These are just ordinary buildings that are not often found, and the significance of architecture is just that.
Architectural design can not only refer to the design work of buildings, but also refer to the comprehensive design work of general buildings in terms of building structure and building equipment. Architecture can be divided into narrow sense and broad sense: narrow sense refers to buildings built by people with building materials such as stone and wood for people to live and use, such as houses, bridges and sports venues. Broadly speaking, gardens are also a part of architecture.
China's architectural policy mainly follows four directions: safety, economy, applicability and beauty. Safety mainly refers to the safety of building structures, such as fire resistance rating, fire protection design and durability of buildings; Economy mainly refers to economic benefits, including saving construction costs, shortening construction period, reducing energy consumption and reducing operation and maintenance management costs; Applicability means that buildings meet the needs of people's production and life and provide necessary conditions for people's daily production and life; Aesthetics means that under the premise of safety, economy and applicability, architectural beauty and environmental beauty are the important contents of design, and indoor and outdoor environmental design is done well to achieve ideal architectural effect.
With the improvement of national economic level, agricultural architecture plays an increasingly important role in farmers' production and life. Therefore, in order to better build a new socialist countryside, farmers are required to know more about rural architectural design knowledge.
2. Common sense of architecture
1. The amount of concrete in general frame structures can be obtained according to "building area *0.22", that is, the converted thickness of a standard floor is about 22cm2. The steel content of frame structures is temporarily calculated at 60kg/m2 (the factors affecting the steel content of each building are not considered for the time being).
3. According to the above data, the steel content of concrete per cubic meter is = 1/0.22*60=273kg. A square wall of 12 needs 64 standard bricks; A square wall of 18 needs 96 standard bricks; A square with 24 walls needs 128 standard bricks; A 37 square wall needs 192 standard bricks; A 49-square wall needs 256 standard bricks; Calculation formula: 240 wall bricks per cubic meter; 1(0.0.0.6) The consumption of 370 wall bricks per cubic meter is1(0.37 * 0.12 * 0.6). More than 80 standard bricks are needed for a square hollow 24 wall. Information to be mastered by civil engineers 1. Consumption of concrete and steel for ordinary houses: 1, and multi-storey masonry houses: 30KG/m2 of concrete. 38-42kg/m2 Multi-story frame reinforcement 0.33-0.35m3/m2 concrete,1-12 layer reinforcement 0.35m3/m2 concrete, 17- 18 layer reinforcement 54. H = 94m steel bar 65-75kg/m2 concrete 0.42-0.47m3/m2 6 for 30 floors of high-rise buildings, H = 90m steel bar 65-70kg/m2 concrete 0.38-0.42m3/m2 7 for 28 floors of high-rise serviced apartments, and the concrete and steel consumption of villas are between multi-storey masonry houses and high-rise buildings1kloc-0. The above data are designed according to the rule of earthquake 7 degree zone. 2. The economic index of the general multi-storey residential building project budget is 1. The area of outdoor doors and windows (excluding unit doors and security doors) accounts for 0.20-0.242 of the construction area, and the formwork area accounts for about 2.2 of the construction area. Outdoor plastering area accounts for about 0.4 of the building area; Indoor plastering area accounts for 3.8% of the building area; The construction efficiency is1; A Plaster workers posted 35 square meters a day; A bricklayer lays 1 0,000-10,800 bricks a day; And a bricklayer lays 800- 1000 bricks a day. The first scraping is 300 m2/ day, the second scraping is 180 m2/ day and the third scraping is 90 m2/ day. 4. Basic data 1, concrete weight 2500KG/m3 2, reinforcement weight per linear meter 0.006 17*d*d 3, dry sand weight 13. Weight of wet sand 1, 700 kg/m3 4, weight of stones 2200kg/m3 5, red bricks (wall thickness) of about 525 pieces per cubic meter, and hollow bricks of about 65438 pieces per cubic meter. Screen side cleaning sand requires 1.3 cubic meters of ordinary sand. Disagreement: 65,438+0, general multi-storey masonry house. Among them, the affordable housing 16- 18kg/m2.2 is a general multi-storey masonry house, and the external plastering area accounts for 0.5-0.7 of the construction area.
3. Generally, the formwork area accounts for 1.3-2.2 of the building area, which varies greatly according to the number of cast-in-place slabs and the density of columns. 4. A bricklayer builds 240 brick walls a day1000-1800,370 or 500 walls 2000-3000.
5. The weight of reinforced concrete is 2200KG/m3, and that of plain concrete is 2 100KG/m3. 6. The weight of engineering stone is 1800KG/m3.
) 0.6 17 is the reinforcement weight per meter of circle 10. The weight of steel bars is proportional to the square of the diameter (radius).
G=0.6 17*D*D/ 100 weight per meter (Kg)= rebar diameter (mm)* rebar diameter (mm)*0.006 17 In fact, it is very simple to remember the rebar weight commonly used in construction projects. Φ14 to Φ 25 rebar generally take two digits after the decimal point Φ 6 = 0.222kgφ 8 = 0.395kg φ10 = 0.612 = 0.888kgφ14 =1. = 2.00 kg φ 20 = 2.47 kg φ 22 = 3.00 kg φ 25 = 3.86 kg φ 28 = 4.837 kg I have an experienced formula, so you can work out a table yourself. You can also buy a book with a watch, which is also very convenient to use.
Calculation of theoretical weight of steel simple material name theoretical weight W(kg/m) flat steel, steel plate and steel strip W=0.00785* wide * thick square steel W=0.00785* round steel, wire rod and steel wire with a side length of 2 W = 0.006 17 * 2 steel pipes with a diameter W=0.02466* wall thickness (. ..
3.e value: general model and model A are 3.26, model B is 2.44, and model C is 2.24 ... 4. All length units are millimeter nanograms. Do these count?
3. Basic knowledge of architectural history in China.
This problem is too big. How many papers does it take to complete the basic knowledge? Take a brief look at this webpage /gjz/ studio development: The number of rooms-limited to the scale of the building, which was strictly regulated in the feudal period, otherwise the more you try, the more you will bring about your own destruction.
Inspection-free buildings generally have 3 or 5 bays, temples, palaces and yamen generally have 5 or 7 bays, and 9 bays are very imposing. There are only three examples of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Hanyuan and the Hall of Linde in Daming Palace in the Tang Dynasty. Roof forms: Fairy Hall, Xieshan, Luding, Hard Mountain, Hanging Mountain, Single Slope, Daojian, Dome Roof, Wind-volcano Wall, Dome and Vault Architectural forms: Palace, Mausoleum, Temple of Altar, Yamen, Mansion, Buddhist Temple, Taoist Temple, etc.