Many people have written papers in various fields, and the process of writing papers is the process of people gaining direct experience. Do you know how to write a good paper? The following is my collection of papers on fire safety problems and coping strategies of high-rise buildings. Welcome to share.
abstract:
With the development of urbanization, high-rise buildings are booming. In order to relieve the pressure of traffic congestion and bring convenience to people's travel, the height of buildings is getting higher and higher. In the construction of high-rise buildings, the hidden danger of buildings is a hot issue that people generally pay attention to at present. In order to solve this problem better, this paper will sort out the hidden dangers of high-rise buildings and analyze the specific measures to solve such problems for reference.
Key words:
Architecture; Problems; Fire protection design;
Introduction:
At present, with the rapid increase of urban population and increasing population density, the emergence of high-rise buildings caters to the needs of the times and solves the problem of urban land shortage. However, the fire problems caused by high-rise buildings are also increasing year by year, which hinders the healthy development of the city to a certain extent and has a negative impact on people's lives and property safety. Therefore, how to take effective measures to reduce the frequent occurrence of fires is the key to prevent building fires.
First, high-rise building fire safety issues
(1) The population density is high and it is difficult to evacuate people.
In the architectural design of high-rise buildings, because of the high building height, there are more residential users. If there is a fire problem, it is difficult to evacuate the crowd at the first time. The main reason is not only the large number of people, but also the relatively long evacuation distance, so it is difficult to send people to a safe area quickly. According to the relevant investigation and study, in the relevant fire brigade test, it takes 15 minutes for experienced firefighters to reach the ground from the height above the ground 150 meters. However, smoke and fire spread quickly, and they spread in opposite directions during evacuation, which also brought some difficulties to evacuation [1].
(B) The large number of tube wells easily leads to stack effect.
In the common high-rise building construction, the decoration materials used have certain flammable and explosive characteristics. In case of fire, it is very easy to spread the speed through the well, such as stairway, smoke exhaust duct, elevator shaft, etc. These well pipes are easy to produce stack effect, which brings difficulties to building fire prevention.
(C) the impact of structural factors of high-rise buildings
Judging from the structure of high-rise buildings, it is more complicated than ordinary buildings, and the rescue is relatively difficult. Especially in recent years, the wide application and promotion of glass curtain wall in high-rise building construction has greatly affected the fire safety belt of the building. If the glass curtain wall breaks due to collision or high temperature when the fire comes, it will easily bring serious danger to the people in the building, and the increase of glass curtain wall will also bring difficulties to the fire water supply of the building.
It is difficult to put out the fire.
When high-rise buildings are faced with fire risks, the fire fighting equipment used by the fire brigade often cannot reach the height of building fire, which brings great difficulties to fire fighting. The high-heat radiation smoke can spread rapidly at the fire site, and the high-altitude air circulates quickly, so it is difficult for firefighters to cut off the fire source in time. When the fire spreads rapidly, the water supply in the building is difficult to meet the actual needs, and the fire truck needs to be extinguished by outdoor replenishment. The pressure resistance of fire water often cannot meet the needs of high-rise buildings. At this time, if the fire elevator is not installed in the high-rise building, the fire brigade must wear protective masks and take the escalator to put out the fire, which not only consumes a lot of physical strength, but also forms convection with the evacuation personnel inside the building, delaying the fire extinguishing time [2], so that the fire brigade personnel cannot reach the fire site to put out the fire at the first time.
(5) The functions of high-rise buildings are relatively complicated.
From the function of high-rise buildings, in order to meet people's growing functional needs, building functions are gradually becoming more complicated, and there are more electrical components and equipment, which further increases the probability of fire, especially improper management. Especially those large comprehensive high-rise buildings, once a fire breaks out, the consequences are unimaginable.
Second, how to effectively solve the safety problems of high-rise buildings
(A) do a good job in the construction phase of the fire design
The structure of high-rise buildings is complex, so we should pay special attention to the fire prevention in the design stage of buildings. First of all, it is necessary to strengthen the construction drawing review, the establishment of responsibility delineation and backward investigation mechanism in the design process to ensure that the construction design meets the requirements of relevant fire protection systems. At the same time, as a fire safety department, we should also do a good job in the acceptance and audit of fire protection construction of high-rise buildings. The key audit content should be implemented in accordance with the relevant fire protection system, and developers and construction individuals who tamper with the design content of fire protection construction should be severely punished. In addition, we should pay more attention to the choice of building materials. For example, the partition wall used should have enhanced fire resistance, thus improving the overall fire resistance of the building. When there is a fire, people in the building will not be too flustered and miss the opportunity to escape. At the same time, the elevator in the escape passage should also be set to control the overall safety to ensure the smooth escape of personnel [3].
(B) the formation of fire self-help organizations
When a fire breaks out in a building, it is obviously unrealistic to rely solely on the rescue of the fire brigade if people in the building are to be evacuated smoothly. Therefore, in order to do a good job of self-rescue plan in case of fire, we should refer to relevant regulations when making specific plans. First of all, consider the height of the building, formulate the exclusive fire protection design scheme, and the content shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant fire protection design regulations. As long as it meets the requirements, it can be adopted and used for reference. At the same time, you can also refer to the fire protection design schemes of other high-rise buildings and make your own scheme. Secondly, a fire emergency team should be established to combine the residents of the building with the property and help the people in the building to save themselves when the fire comes. At the same time, because they have a better understanding of the structure and terrain in the building, they can also help firefighters rescue the scene after the fire brigade arrives.
(3) Fire protection design in case of fire.
In the architectural design of high-rise buildings, the space distance between buildings is clearly defined, which plays a vital role in improving the fire protection performance of high-rise buildings. When a fire breaks out in a single building, it will not affect other buildings around it, and it will also facilitate the evacuation of people inside. Because high-rise buildings are mainly concentrated in the bustling areas of urban streets, the traffic is often convenient, which requires attention to the fire protection design of surrounding lanes in the construction process, which is an important point that cannot be ignored. Secondly, when there is a fire, people in the building can be diverted. When the fire is not too serious, the elevator is the first choice for evacuation. Because the evacuation speed of the elevator is higher than that of the stairs, you can choose the elevator when the fire spread speed is not high. In addition, the top of high-rise buildings is also the main place for evacuation, and the roof can be used as the main place for helicopter rescue [4].
(4) Design of fire lights and evacuation signs
When a fire breaks out, there is often a power outage, which brings difficulties to the evacuation of high-rise buildings to some extent. Therefore, it is required to pay attention to inserting special lighting in the fire protection design of high-rise buildings, and it is stipulated that such lighting should not be used at ordinary times, and it will only be lit when a fire comes. At the same time, in the fire protection design, we should also pay attention to the setting of evacuation indication signs to indicate the evacuation after power failure. So that emergency lighting and indication signs can play their application roles. When setting, attention should be paid to setting in crowded places, such as building crossings and elevator intervals. At the same time, there should be no other flammable materials around the installation site to avoid the fire spreading and burning such signs and indicator lights. In addition, a separate power supply system should be set up to ensure the stability of its power supply.
(5) Design of fire elevator
When a fire breaks out, the main force to extinguish the fire source, reduce the fire, delay the spread of the fire and reduce personal injury is the fire brigade. Therefore, it is particularly important for the fire brigade to assemble and reach the fire site. The main feature of high-rise buildings is that the height of the whole building is very high. If you only rely on climbing a ladder to put out the fire, you will obviously miss the best time to put out the fire. Therefore, it is very necessary to design and put into use a professional fire elevator, which can improve the overall efficiency of fire fighting to a certain extent. When designing this kind of elevator, we should pay attention to the application of wall materials in elevator shaft, keep the fire resistance limit of the partition wall of the machine room not less than two hours, and set up a smoke exhaust system at the top of the shaft [5].
(VI) Formulation of fire prevention system
In addition to the above design points, we should also design a fire protection system. The property management department of a building shall regularly educate the owners of high-rise buildings about fire protection knowledge. The specific system should include how to use electrical appliances and fire sources correctly, how to avoid fire hazards, what qualities should be possessed when a fire occurs, how to escape correctly and wait for rescue, etc. At the same time, regular fire management should be carried out, and the existing fire supplies and facilities in the building should be tested and inspected to ensure the integrity and reliability of the facilities. In addition to some residential high-rise buildings, some comprehensive commercial building stairs, such as supermarkets, department stores and other large buildings also need to strengthen fire protection design, such as by setting fire hydrants, fire extinguishers, smoke alarms and so on. In addition, all kinds of catering departments should also do a good job in wastewater treatment and collection. Therefore, the wastewater discharged by such users has high oil content, which is easy to cause fire. Therefore, it is particularly important to treat this kind of wastewater. It is necessary to prevent this kind of wastewater from approaching wastewater and improve the fire fighting ability of stairs in comprehensive high-rise buildings.
(7) Design of automatic alarm system
There are many high-rise buildings with different types. There are home type, merchant type, catering type, office type and so on. If you want to know the fire in the first place, you must install an automatic alarm system. This is also the most basic part of high-rise building fire safety setting. Therefore, when a fire breaks out, a special person should be appointed to maintain the alarm system, so that the alarm system can play its due role.
(eight) to improve the fire resistance rating of building structures.
In the structural construction of high-rise buildings, suitable structural materials should be selected according to the actual needs of the owners. Especially for the construction of building structures with high population density, the ceiling and decorative materials used should have fire resistance and heat insulation performance. Such as light steel keel decorative materials, at the same time, before the materials enter the site, they should be tested for fire resistance and heat insulation performance before they can be put into use. For some original wooden buildings and some steel structure buildings with low fire-resistant and heat-insulating properties, or high-rise buildings with flammable ceilings have been put into decoration construction, it is necessary to carry out renovation construction to improve the fire-resistant and heat-insulating properties of such buildings. For example, fire-retardant coatings are applied to the steel frame supports of steel structure buildings, or insulation materials are applied to improve the fire resistance of steel structure buildings. For example, the walls between emergency evacuation corridors should be coated with fireproof paint. For the decoration of some hotel rooms, curtains and quilt covers can be made of fireproof and flame retardant materials. Another example is the carpet used in some high-rise complex buildings, which should be made of fire-retardant materials, and the building fire zone should be formulated according to the relevant provisions of the national fire technical code. When a fire breaks out, it can achieve the purpose of fire separation, limit the spread of fire and ensure the safety of people in the building.
Third, the conclusion
In a word, if a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, it will spread very fast and it will be difficult to evacuate, threatening the personal safety of residents. Therefore, we should control from the source, strengthen the function of fire prevention design in architectural design, improve the fire resistance of building structures, organize people inside the building to save themselves from fire, avoid panic in case of fire, find the correct escape route according to the indicating signs and lighting directions, improve the fire prevention ability of high-rise buildings, and correctly solve the occurrence of fire hazards.
refer to
[1] Lan Tianxiang. On the key points of fire supervision and inspection of urban high-rise buildings [J]. Scientific and technological innovation and application, 2020(34): 129- 130.
[2] Liang Yu. Hidden dangers and solutions of fire safety in high-rise buildings [J]. Today's Fire, 2020,5 (10): 87-88.
[3] Liu Sichi. Analysis and solutions of fire safety hazards in high-rise buildings [J]. Fire Department (Electronic Edition), 2020,6 (18): 67+69.
[4] Wan Shuai, Lu Yinan. Hidden dangers and countermeasures of fire safety in high-rise buildings [J]. Fire Industry (Electronic Edition), 2020,6 (14): 67-68.
[5] Zhang Nan. Discussion on fire safety hidden dangers of high-rise buildings and countermeasures [J]. Today's fire fighting, 2020,5 (07):111.
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