No matter in school or in society, everyone has the experience of writing a thesis and is familiar with it. Thesis is a comprehensive style, through which we can directly see a person's comprehensive ability and professional foundation. Do you know how to write a paper correctly? The following are carefully arranged for my medical thesis, for reference only. Welcome to reading.
The writing purpose of medical papers
1, storing scientific research information.
After the research is completed, the research results must be studied immediately, and its findings and inventions should be clarified in the form of reports or reports. Otherwise, its inventions and discoveries may gradually disappear with the passage of time, so that future generations may repeat the work done by predecessors again, resulting in unnecessary waste of manpower and material resources.
Therefore, the writing of academic papers is to store these scientific research information and make it the basis of new inventions and discoveries in the future (that is, standing on the shoulders of giants), so as to facilitate the continuation of scientific and technological undertakings and continuously enrich the scientific and technological treasure house of mankind. The continuation and development of human civilization is realized in the process of continuous accumulation, creation, re-accumulation and re-creation. Therefore, academic papers are an important carrier for storing scientific research information, and writing papers is an important means to summarize scientific discoveries.
2. Dissemination of scientific research results
As early as the19th century, the famous British scientist Faraday pointed out that scientific research must be "started, completed and published".
Because any scientific and technological research and invention is the crystallization of individual labor of social members or scientific research activities carried out locally. For all mankind, in order to turn the achievements of a few people into the wealth of all mankind, it is necessary to communicate and use each other (that is, science and technology have no national boundaries) so that science and technology can continue to develop and progress. One way to communicate with each other is to put scientific papers into practice.
This mode of transmission can not be limited by time and region, but also spread to future generations. For example, the British magazine 1997 published on February 27th reported for the first time that a sheep was bred by cloning technology (asexual reproduction), which was undoubtedly a breakthrough in the field of genetic engineering research and caused a strong shock all over the world. Therefore, academic papers are also an important carrier for disseminating scientific research information. Moreover, according to the accepted practice, the initiative of scientific achievements can only be recognized if it is published in academic journals in the form of academic papers, while the dissemination of news media cannot be officially recognized.
3. Exchange practical experience
Other people engaged in clinical and medical work have accumulated more successful experiences and failed lessons through continuous practice. These experiences and lessons are very valuable. Through scientific analysis and summary and publication in the form of papers, it can play a great guiding and reference role and benefit the people.
4. Enlighten academic thought
On the basis of a large number of scientific research achievements and practical experience, various academic ideas have been formed and developed. These academic thoughts are constantly explored and exchanged in the form of papers, which inspire each other to form new academic thoughts, thus promoting the development of scientific undertakings.
5. Improve the research level.
Writing scientific papers is a creative mental work, which contains great hardships. In the process of writing, with the deepening of thinking, the ability to analyze and solve problems in scientific and technological work can be improved and the level of scientific research can be improved.
6, business level assessment
The quantity (number) of scientific papers published and their contribution (quality) to social benefits and benefits are important criteria for evaluating the business and scientific and technological achievements of scientific researchers (it is necessary to seek truth from facts and scientifically reflect scientific research achievements, and fraud is never allowed). Of course, it is also one of the important bases for business assessment and professional title evaluation (especially important at present). It is also one of the channels to discover talents.
Expanding reading: the writing standard of medical papers
First, the types of medical papers
According to different research contents and objects, medical papers can be roughly divided into experimental scientific research, case discussion, case report, clinical analysis, curative effect observation, literature review and investigation report.
1. experimental research: generally, it is experimental research in etiology, pathology, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, biology, parasitology and epidemiology. Mainly divided into the following four types:
① Pharmacological and toxicological experiments and surgical experiments on various animals;
(2) In vitro experiments of pathogens or causes;
③ Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-parasite experiments of some drugs;
④ Disinfection, insecticidal and sterilization experiments.
2. Case (pathological) discussion: Clinical case discussion is mainly a collective discussion on the diagnosis and treatment of some difficult, complex and easily misdiagnosed cases, so as to obtain correct diagnosis and effective treatment. Clinicopathological discussion focuses on pathological examination, diagnosis and related discussion of rare or difficult diseases.
3. Case report: mainly report rare diseases and difficult and serious diseases; Although there have been several similar reports, it is still necessary to repeat the verification or deepen the understanding.
4. Clinical analysis: analyze and discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, treatment methods and curative effect observation of a certain disease in clinic (100 cases is better), sum up experiences and lessons, and put forward new suggestions and new insights to improve the clinical curative effect.
5. Observation of curative effect: it refers to treating a disease with a new drug or therapy, observing and studying its treatment method, curative effect, dosage, course of treatment and adverse reactions, or setting up a control group to compare the curative effects of old and new drugs or therapies, compare the curative effects, advantages and disadvantages of therapies, types and degrees of adverse reactions, and put forward opinions on whether it is suitable for popularization and application.
6. Literature review: around a subject, consult and collect a large number of recent original medical literatures at home and abroad, and write a review after understanding, analyzing, summarizing and sorting out to reflect the history, present situation, latest progress and development trend of the subject, and put forward preliminary opinions and suggestions.
7. Investigation report: the incidence, pathogenic factors, pathology, prevention methods and effects of a certain disease (infectious disease, epidemic disease, occupational disease, endemic disease, etc.). ) Investigation and evaluation were carried out in a certain range of people, and suggestions were put forward for prevention and control programs.
Second, the format of medical papers
1 Introduction (Preface)
It is a short paragraph at the beginning of a medical paper, which mainly introduces the background, theoretical basis, scope, purpose, harvest, achievements and significance of the paper. It can be longer or shorter according to the needs of the paper. Keep it short and to the point. For example, "1Feb. 65438+ to1Feb. 9951Oct. 65438+ was used to treat 48 cases of acute poisoning caused by sedatives and hypnotics. Compared with 42 cases without naloxone treatment in the same period, the curative effect is satisfactory, and the report is as follows. " Can not be exaggerated, especially rare at home and abroad, never reported, no precedent, belonging to the latest level. You must have sufficient evidence, otherwise it will not be used generally.
2 Clinical data (data and methods)
It is the main content of the book, including the experimental object, instruments, methods, how many cases (men and women), how to group, diagnosis, basis, treatment method (medication), curative effect standard, observation and follow-up time, etc. The time limit, age, sex and occupation comparability of data sources should be stated. What needs special attention here is that it is necessary to set up a control group to explain the curative effect or a certain method. The conditions are the same, and they are randomly divided into groups, and the double-blind method is used to control medication or detection. * * * is also to let readers know the specific content of the study, which is convenient for understanding and evaluation on the one hand, and for verification and imitation on the other. Any scientific achievement must be able to repeat the same results under the same conditions in order to be recognized. Therefore, it is not enough, too detailed and unnecessary to describe the materials and methods so as to make readers repeat and be too brief.
If there are many numbers in the data, they can be represented by statistical charts. Statistical tables should have table names and serial numbers (a table is listed as a schedule without serial numbers). Statistical tables should be made according to statistical principles. The two ends of the table are open and there are no vertical lines. Only a vertical line is used to illustrate the subject and predicate, and there is no diagonal line in the upper left corner of the table. Avoid too complicated tables and don't repeat them in the text.
Three results
The central part of a medical paper. That is, experimental research and clinical research are the results of analysis, observation and investigation of various materials and data, analysis and induction, and necessary statistical processing. This is to determine whether the quality of the work is rigorous, whether the data is accurate and reliable, and it requires high authenticity and accuracy, which is in line with reality. Failure is failure, and success is success. Don't artificially exaggerate the success rate and eliminate statistical errors.
4 discussion
That is, the conclusion or research results will be further analyzed in theory. Scientific inference and evaluation confirm the reliability of the obtained results and clarify the advanced scientific arguments, thus gaining everyone's recognition. The problems usually discussed are: explain the principle and mechanism of this study; Explain the characteristics, gains and losses of the materials and methods in this paper; Analyze the similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages between the results of this paper and other results; According to the results of this paper, new assumptions and new viewpoints are put forward; Compare and evaluate different academic viewpoints; Put forward the direction of future exploration and so on. Of course, an article usually only discusses some aspects of it, and it is impossible to cover everything. It is important that the discussion should closely follow the research results of this paper and highlight its new findings and new understanding. Some medical papers only repeat the past literature, and even copy the contents of some monographs and textbooks, which loses the significance of discussion.
The depth and correctness of the discussion largely depend on the number of documents and analytical ability. Therefore, it is necessary to know the current situation and trend of this major in order to draw a correct conclusion objectively.
5 references of medical papers
Only the literature you have read and quoted (must be published publications) should be written at the end of the article in the order of citation in the article, and the code in the upper right corner should be marked in the order of 1.2.3 ... For example, it is best to highlight the recent (3-5 years) periodical literature in the upper right corner. The writing format of references in medical papers is mostly Vancouver style.
Development: Requirements for Writing Medical Papers
1, science. The so-called scientific nature means that the content of the paper is detailed and advanced. Science is the life of medical papers. If the paper loses its scientific nature, no matter how fluent the writing is, no matter how flowery the rhetoric is, it is meaningless and can only be a waste of manpower and time.
2. innovation. Innovation is the soul of medical papers. Whether it can contribute to the development of medicine is the fundamental standard to measure the level of papers. It is very important for medical papers to have new ideas and new viewpoints. Medical papers are different from textbooks, summary lectures and other articles in academic exchanges, reporting new discoveries and publishing new methods and theories. Therefore, we must highlight new words in the content, not necessarily repeating known viewpoints, but highlighting our own new viewpoints.
3. Theoretically. Medical thesis is not only a summary of medical scientific research, but also a creative process. It is different from the general scientific research records or experimental reports, but should extract the experience and lessons that guide medical scientific research activities and clinical practice, find the law, rise to theory, and then guide practice.
4. simple. Medical papers require conciseness, which is different from general literary works. It needs various rhetorical devices and flowery words. It requires rigorous writing, prominent focus and concise writing language. If you can express it clearly in one word, you don't need two words, and you don't abuse synonyms and uncommon words. The article should be as short as possible, and the materials and methods should be concise. As a result, more problems can be explained with fewer charts, and the discussion part does not repeat what has been recognized and discussed. In short, use the shortest words to explain the problems to be expounded, so as to reduce reading time and make readers get more information in a shorter time.
5. logic. The logic of the paper refers to the connection between topics, arguments, arguments, and arguments, written in sequence, echoing from beginning to end, with strict logic, complete information, reasonable design, and avoiding far-fetched, anticlimactic, and empty.
6. readability. The purpose of writing a thesis is academic exchange, and ultimately it is for people to see. Therefore, the paper must be readable, that is, the words are fluent, the structure is clear, and the vocabulary used is professional, which is the easiest word to understand and express. Make readers understand the opinions and conclusions expressed with less brain power and time, and leave a profound impact.
Practical skills in writing medical papers
Medical papers are an important aspect of promoting the development of medical science and a summary of medical research and clinical work; It is an important tool to promote the exchange of medical scientific research achievements and improve the level of medical technology. A good medical paper needs two things:
The following aspects:
① Scientific, advanced and practical medical research papers.
(2) In writing skills, pay attention to the measurement units with concise words, clear views, accurate data, true content, repeated experiments and meeting national standards.
First, scientific:
The first condition of medical papers is that they must be scientific. The so-called scientificity refers to whether the methods and arguments introduced in the paper can be verified by scientific methods, and many experiments have repeatability of experimental results. This requires:
(1) Scientific research design should be carefully considered to eliminate all unfavorable factors that may interfere with the experimental results;
⑵ Establish necessary control group or even double-blind control study;
(3) The experimental and observed data should be statistically processed;
⑷ Whether in theoretical research or experimental research, the analysis of the results should start from the actual data and draw the correct conclusion, and avoid empty talk about assumptions.
Second, the advanced nature:
The advanced nature of medical papers actually refers to whether this paper has reached a certain scientific level. Although a paper is scientific, it is not necessarily advanced. The advancement of medical papers can be measured from two aspects: first, whether there are new breakthroughs in medical theory, such as principle discussion and treatment mechanism; Second, the practice level of diagnosis and treatment is higher than that of general medical technology.
Third, practicality:
It is closely related to clinical diagnosis and treatment and has repeatability. The ultimate goal is to solve difficult clinical diseases, such as the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Four, the types of medical papers:
Articles published in general medical journals can be roughly divided into the following types: reviews, papers, case reports, clinical case discussions, academic exchanges, reviews, monographs, experience introductions, lectures, newsletters, etc.
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