Neither the spontaneous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle of the peasant class, the Westernization Movement of the landlord class, nor the efforts of the bourgeoisie to establish a western-style bourgeois republic can realize China's national independence and national prosperity. The early exploration of modern China's way out was not combined with China's national conditions, because the modern exploration of China's way out was aimed at developing China into a British-style capitalist constitutional monarchy, without considering that it was impossible to take the capitalist route in semi-feudal and semi-colonial China, so it was doomed to failure.
From the May 4th Movement in 19 19 to the founding of New China in 1949, China was still a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the main contradiction in society was the contradiction between China people's foreign imperialism and their own feudalism (and later bureaucratic capitalism). Farmers are still the main force in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle, and new social forces such as working class, students and national bourgeoisie have developed; The working class has replaced the bourgeoisie as the leading force of the bourgeois democratic revolution. Historical experience shows that the bourgeois * * * and China's plan will not work in China. Through practical education, the vast majority of democratic parties and Democrats without party affiliation in our country have confirmed the certainty of the political proposition of China's * * * Production Party on building the people and the country into socialism; It is generally acknowledged that only by accepting the leadership of China's * * * production party can we effectively play an active role in China's political life and have a bright future. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the China Productive Party was formed on this basis. The establishment of this brand-new political party system in China conforms to the laws of China's historical development and the fundamental interests of the people of China, as well as the wishes of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation.
The China Revolution was able to embark on the road of successful development because of the vanguard of the working class in China-the China * * * Production Party. The people of China, under the leadership of China, the vanguard of the working class in China, after a long and arduous struggle, overthrew the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social system, won the victory of the new-democratic revolution, established People's Republic of China (PRC), basically completed the task of striving for national independence and people's liberation, and created the premise and paved the way for realizing the country's prosperity and people's prosperity. The establishment of the new China under the people's democratic dictatorship marked the basic completion of the historical task of fighting for national independence and people's liberation faced by China in modern times, and created the premise and paved the way for the people of China to concentrate on construction and realize the country's prosperity and people's prosperity.
History has proved that only under the leadership of the Chinese Productive Party and armed with Marxist theory can China people truly realize their goal of pursuing national independence and national prosperity.
The first section: The Third Party's thinking and exploration of China's way out.
The third party led by Deng Xiaoping, officially named "China Kuomintang Temporary Action Committee", is a political faction different from and between countries after the failure of the Great Revolution. His exploration of China's way out is mainly reflected in a series of articles published by Deng, such as "Political Views of the Provisional Action Committee of the Kuomintang in China" and "Where is China going".
With regard to the specific political opinions of the third party, we should pay attention to the following points: First, the political opinions of the third party were put forward on the basis of summing up and reflecting on the experience and lessons of the failure of the Great Revolution and the revolutionary situation in China after the failure of the Great Revolution. This can be seen from its analysis of the nature of the Kuomintang government and its views on China's revolutionary activities. It is believed that Nanjing National Government has become "the embodiment of old forces, the tool of warlords, the enemy of the people" and "the joint regime of comprador bourgeoisie and landlords". This is correct. At the same time, he also criticized China, saying: "The * * * Production Party believes that China's current economic organization is mainly capitalism, so it wants to solve the China issue by means of the * * * production revolution; ..... We are opposed to destroying all existing economic organizations with the wrong prescription-proletarian revolution. ...... * * * Producers' Party just wants to use farmers to plunder farmers and establish a part of workers' dictatorship, but we want to ... establish a civilian regime. " (1) The fundamental reason for not agreeing with the * * * production party is to determine that the * * * production revolution is not suitable for the China revolution by observing the practice of the Great Revolution. These criticisms have both correct and wrong elements.
Second, the Third Party discussed many fundamental issues of the China Revolution and achieved great results. In its view, China society "is still in the stage where feudal forces dominate, or in the pre-capitalist era. At the same time, because imperialist forces dominate China, China society is in a complicated situation. " . Therefore, China's revolution "will take peasants and workers as the core, while all other elements oppressed and exploited by warlords, bureaucrats and landlords will surround them and form a broad revolutionary masses", "shoulder the task of national liberation against imperialism externally" and "clean up the remnants of the Middle Ages internally and create a new social order". China Revolution is a bourgeois people's revolution; The object of revolution is "imperialists, feudal warlords and landlords, as well as profiteering and reactionary bourgeoisie who rely on the former two for their livelihood"; The motive force of revolution is "common people"; The direct goal of the revolution is to seize political power and "establish civilian political power based on workers and peasants"; The way of revolution "must develop in the form of armed struggle"; China's revolution should be divided into two steps: first, the establishment of civilian power, and then the realization of socialism.
The third party, headed by Deng Xiaoping, has a profound understanding of the fundamental problems of the China revolution. Deng Xiaoping accepted Marxism-Leninism's theory of violent revolution and class struggle, but did not copy the experience and model of Russian revolution. He advocated solving the practical problems of China Revolution independently according to the specific conditions of China Revolution, and formed a systematic theory of "civilian revolution".
Third, the theory of the third party is indeed profound, systematic and incisive, but it has encountered setbacks in practice. There are two reasons that cannot be ignored: first, the leadership of the revolution. Deng entrusted the leadership responsibility of the "civilian revolution" to the petty bourgeoisie and its political party (the third party), which is a fatal flaw and a fundamental difference from the new democratic theory. Second, the third party's exploration results still remain in theory (in words) and have not been fully put into practice. At the same time, there are many defects in theory. Deng fully realized the importance of armed struggle, but opposed the establishment of base areas in rural areas and pinned his hopes on speculative "rebellion." This determines the failure of "building a civilian revolutionary army". The basic problem of the China Revolution is farmers' land. Deng also advocated "land to the tiller", but he didn't approve of China's forceful solution to the land problem.
In this way, after the failure of the national revolution, a very strange phenomenon appeared: the reflection and exploration of China was extremely reckless and he made a serious "Left" mistake; However, due to the resolute agrarian revolution and armed struggle, the revolutionary forces continued to grow. The third party put forward a set of systematic theories in the exploration, many of which are correct; However, its "civilian revolution" was frustrated because it did not pay attention to or had no time to engage in agrarian revolution and armed struggle. With Deng's unfortunate death, the third party suffered great setbacks, and its correct theory and proposition were even more difficult to put into practice.
The exploration history of modern China people.
The modern history of China is not only a humiliating history of capitalist powers invading China and colluding with China feudal rulers to turn China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; It is also the history of China people's constant resistance to foreign capitalist aggression and their own feudal rule. At the same time, it is also the exploration history of all classes, strata and political factions in China to explore the way out for the country. This kind of struggle and exploration is under the banner of opposing aggression and defending national independence; Internally, anti-autocracy and striving for social progress are the core, and struggle and exploration are intertwined to promote the continuous development of China society.
1. Landlord class resistance (reformist)
Background and Proposition: The failure of the Opium War awakened some patriotic intellectuals of the landlord class from their dream of "going to heaven and going to the country" and began to pay attention to the world and the current situation, seeking ways to strengthen the country and resist aggression. Their proposition is "learning from foreigners to control foreigners."
Results: Due to the corruption of the Qing government, the policy of closing the country to the outside world and the limitations of the landlord class, the effect was not obvious.
Evaluation: The proposal of the landlord class resistance group made China germinate a new trend of thought to learn from the West, and encouraged China to actively explore the road of strengthening the country and resist aggression, so as to save the nation from peril. Due to the limited practice, it has not produced practical results.
2. Westernization of the landlord class
Background and Proposition: Under the double blow of the two Opium Wars and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, faced with internal troubles and foreign invasion, the ruling group of the Qing government disagreed on how to solve many crises in internal affairs and diplomacy, forming westernization and die-hards. The Westernization School advocated the use of western advanced technology to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, that is, "learning from foreigners to control foreigners".
Results: The Westernization Movement went bankrupt because of foreign obstruction, the destruction of feudal stubborn forces and the dispersion of forces.
Evaluation: The Westernization Movement, which aimed at maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, did not learn from the West in political system, which determined that it could not make China embark on the road of prosperity, and it was a self-help movement of the landlord class. However, the Westernization Movement was the first time in China's history that the idea of learning from the West was put into practice. It introduced modern western science and production technology, which was the beginning of China's modernization and induced the emergence of national capitalism. Modern education in China began with the establishment of new schools. Promoted the spread of western political theory and democratic thought; The establishment of private enterprises has played a certain role in resisting foreign economic aggression.
3. The peasant class
Background and Proposition: After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Tianjing its capital, in order to arouse the enthusiasm of the peasant revolution and promote the deepening of the revolution, the "Celestial Tianmu System" was promulgated. Through this plan, we will build an ideal society in which "the tiller has land, the eater has food, the wearer has clothes, and the money is used to earn money, which is uneven everywhere and no one goes hungry".
Results: Due to the limitations of the peasant class, the tension of the war environment, the unified distribution of land and the unified entry of production and living materials into the sacred library, this plan could not be really implemented because it violated the law of social development.
Evaluation: Abolishing the land ownership of the feudal landlord class is an anti-feudal revolution; It is backward to advocate small private ownership and abolish commodity economy, which goes against the law of social development; It is impossible to distribute land evenly and unify the means of production and living into the holy library. This is utopia.
4. Bourgeois reformists (reformists)
Background and proposition: the early reform thought provided the theoretical basis; The initial development of national capitalism and the growth of national bourgeoisie provide economic and class foundation; The deepening of the national crisis stimulated the emergence of this idea. Advocating constitutional monarchy to save the country, specifically: demanding resistance to imperialist aggression and getting rid of national crisis; Oppose feudal autocratic rule, advocate civil rights and implement constitutional monarchy; Develop capitalist economy; Learn and spread western science and culture.
Actual effect: From "Writing on the Bus" to the social and political movement and then to the failure of the Hundred-Day Reform, it shows that the capitalist reform road is not feasible in China. Its greatest achievement is that it has played an enlightening role in bourgeois ideology and made more intellectuals accept bourgeois political theories and ideas.
Evaluation: the thought of reform and political reform was the most progressive thought in China society at that time, because it wanted to develop capitalism in China; It is also patriotic, because it combines the reform idea with saving the nation from extinction. However, there is no content to abolish feudal land ownership, and there is no clear anti-imperialist program, which will inevitably lead to no broad mass base. The class foundation of reform and political reform is bourgeois intellectuals and enlightened gentlemen, and failure is inevitable.
5. Bourgeois revolutionaries (Democrats)
Background: At the end of 65438+2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, in order to intensify its economic aggression against China, imperialism launched fierce struggles and competitions, and the national crisis became more serious. The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty made the Qing government a "foreigner's court". At this time, national capitalism developed again, but it was restricted and hindered by imperialist and feudal forces.
Proposition: Bourgeois revolutionists put forward the theoretical program of the Three People's Principles with the western bourgeois' natural human rights, freedom and equality theory as revolutionary ideological weapons and the national conditions of China. Its basic proposition is to overthrow the Qing government by violence and establish bourgeois democracy.
Results: Because of the weak compromise of the national bourgeoisie and the collusion of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and the feudal monarchy, but the fruit was finally usurped by Yuan Shikai.
Evaluation: The Three People's Principles is a relatively complete program of bourgeois democratic revolution. It expresses the political and economic interests and demands of the bourgeoisie and reflects the common aspiration of the people of China for national independence and democratic rights. However, the Three People's Principles did not explicitly put forward the requirements of opposing imperialism, nor did they have a thorough land program. The final failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that the bourgeois peace plan is not feasible in China.
6. Bourgeois radicals
Background: Before the Revolution of 1911, the reformists and revolutionaries criticized feudal thoughts incompletely. Beiyang warlord government carried out the counter-current of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways in the ideological field; During the First World War, with the development of capitalist economy, the bourgeoisie demanded democratic politics. Advocating the program as "democracy" and "science". Specifically, under the guidance of western civil rights, equality and Darwin's theory of evolution, radical bourgeois Democrats vigorously promoted the new bourgeois culture, including advocating democracy and science.
Although the Revolution of 1911 failed, it made the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in people's hearts, and Yuan Shikai's countercurrent of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways was not tolerated by democratic intellectuals, so the New Culture Movement broke out.
The New Culture Movement was initiated by the bourgeois radical democrats. It has great contributions and serious shortcomings. The advocates of the movement ignored the masses, did not combine the new culture movement with the masses, and confined the cultural movement to the circle of intellectuals. They also avoided the actual struggle against the warlord government at that time and did not directly put forward the anti-imperialist task.
Revelation 3
China bourgeoisie is not armed with scientific revolutionary theory and lacks the support of revolutionary political parties and armed forces. The inherent weakness of the national bourgeoisie in China makes it impossible for them to completely oppose feudalism and imperialism. Due to the lack of an in-depth enlightenment process, people do not understand the spirit of democracy and harmony, so it is impossible to establish an organized, United and powerful revolutionary party. They dare not mobilize the masses in depth, so they always lack the support of the masses. The practice of the Revolution of 1911 and the failure of transplanting western democracy and system in the early years of the Republic of China shows that the bourgeois "peace plan" can't save China, and advanced China people still need to make new explorations.
the working class
19 19 the may 4th movement was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution. At the same time, it triggered a variety of new thoughts into China, the most striking of which was the spread of Marxism in China.
After the founding of New China, the first generation of the Party's central collective leadership with Comrade Mao Zedong at the core has made arduous explorations on how to carry out socialist construction in China for 29 years. Until the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "We should combine the universal truth of Marxism with the concrete reality of our country, take our own road and build socialism with China characteristics. This is the basic conclusion we have drawn from summing up long-term historical experience. " After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee, the third generation of central collective leadership of the Party with Comrade Jiang Zemin as the core founded the "Theory of Three Represents" theory.
The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China holds high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, comprehensively implements Theory of Three Represents, carries forward the past and keeps pace with the times, builds a well-off society in an all-round way, accelerates socialist modernization, and strives to create a new situation in Socialism with Chinese characteristics. We have further deepened our understanding of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and advanced the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Revelation 4
Only under the leadership of the new revolutionary party, the Chinese Production Party, armed with the new revolutionary theory of Marxism and guided by the new development path of China, can the goal of China people's pursuit of national independence and national prosperity be truly realized.
In the Sichuan earthquake rescue work, the producer of China * * * once again showed the people-oriented concept to the world and always adhered to the principle of putting rescuers first. "As long as there is hope of 1%, we must do our best to save every survivor in the earthquake at all costs, which truly embodies the humanistic thought of respecting all life and paying attention to psychological care.
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By studying the exploration of modern people with lofty ideals in China on their way out of the country, I have a profound understanding of the national conditions and strengthened my belief that only the * * * production party can save China! Generations of China people have made immortal sacrifices for the prosperity of their country, which makes me feel a great responsibility. Contemporary society requires us to have a broad vision and a broad mind, and also requires us not to be confused or confused in the tide of reform and opening up. This requires us to establish a correct world outlook and outlook on life. Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents are correct world outlook and outlook on life. I believe that under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee, young people will be able to shoulder the sacred mission of rejuvenating China given by history by constantly improving themselves.