A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable. The order of each composition is: title, author, abstract, keywords, English title, English abstract, English keywords, text, references and appendix.
(1) title
1. Title Description
The title should be concise, specific and accurate, which can summarize the specific content of the paper, help to select keywords, and conform to the relevant principles of compiling title catalogue, indexing and retrieval.
Titles should avoid using formulas and unusual abbreviations, acronyms, characters, codes, etc. Abbreviations commonly used in this industry can be used when necessary.
Titles generally do not exceed 20 words. If the meaning of the topic is incomplete, subheadings can be used to supplement the specific content of the paper; Sometimes, the paper is a phased research achievement, and its specific content can be distinguished by different subtitle names. Generally speaking, foreign book titles should not exceed 10 notional words.
2. Propositional method
3. Matters needing attention in English title writing
(1) English titles mainly appear in the form of phrases, especially noun phrases, that is, titles basically consist of one or several nouns plus their prepositions and/or postattributes; The title of phrase type should determine the head word and then modify it before and after. The order of each word is very important, and improper word order will lead to inaccurate expression.
(2) Generally don't use declarative sentences, because the title mainly plays a marking role, and declarative sentences are easy to make the title judgmental, not refined and not eye-catching. In a few cases (critical, comprehensive and refuting), the question can be used as the title, because the question has an exploratory tone and is easy to arouse the reader's interest.
The English title and Chinese title of the same paper should be consistent in content, but it does not mean that the words should correspond to each other. In many cases, individual non-material words can be omitted or changed.
④ Foreign sci-tech journals generally have restrictions on the number of words in titles, and some stipulate that titles should not exceed 2 lines, and each line should not exceed 42 printed symbols and spaces; Some require that the title should not exceed 14 words. These regulations can be used for our reference.
⑤ In the English title of the paper. Don't use anything that can or can't be used.
(2) the author
1. Specification of the author's signature
The author's signature is placed under the title, and the author of the group author can also be marked in the footer of the first page of the article. Sometimes, the author's name can also be marked at the end of the article.
The author should indicate the full name of the work unit, the name of the province and city and the postal code, and put it in brackets below the author's signature. The names of many authors are arranged according to their contributions to the paper. Signatures are separated by commas; Authors of different work units should add different Arabic numeral serial numbers in the upper right corner of their names, and add the same number as the author's name serial number before the name of their work units; Work units are separated by semicolons when they are connected.
For example: Wang Jun 1, Zhang Hong 2, Liuli 1.
(1. Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University100875; 2. Physics Department of Beijing Institute of Education 1000 1 1)
2. Matters needing attention in translating the names of authors and their units
① The name of the translation unit should not be abbreviated, but should be capitalized, and the address and postal code should be attached to ensure convenient contact.
② The names of translation units should be translated uniformly.
(3) The author's name is spelled in Chinese Pinyin, with a space in the middle after the surname, and all the letters of the surname are capitalized, and the surname is combined; The first letter of the first name is a capital letter, and a hyphen is added between the two names. The last name and the first name are not abbreviated.
For example:
Li Hua (Li Hua), Zhang Xihe (Xihe Zhang) and Zhuge Ying (Zhuge Ying)
(3) Abstract
With the rapid development of computer technology and Internet, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of scientific and technological information retrieval. For all kinds of full-text databases or abstract databases on the Internet, abstract index is an important tool for readers to retrieve documents, which provides convenience for the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological information literature retrieval databases. After the paper is published, the abstract can be directly used by abstract magazines or various databases without modification or slight modification, so that readers can know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the title, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and even mistakes that may occur when others compile the abstract. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of papers.
Description of 1. abstract
It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay, which can be quoted and popularized.
Generally, a paper should have an abstract, which should be placed after the title and author and before the text. Generally, the paper is written after it is finished.
In order to facilitate communication, there should also be an English abstract. Chinese comes first, English comes last. The Chinese abstract is marked with "abstract:" or "[abstract]"; The English abstract is marked with the words "Abstract:". The contents of English abstracts should generally correspond to Chinese abstracts.
Generally, the Chinese abstract of a paper published in a journal does not exceed 300 words (the corresponding foreign abstract does not exceed 250 real words).
Sometimes, according to special needs, the length of the abstract depends on the length of the text, the scope of the topic, the importance and so on. And the number of words is generally limited to no more than 5% of the number of words in the paper.
2. Matters needing attention in writing abstract
① Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title, avoid writing the contents of the introduction into the abstract, don't copy the subtitle (table of contents) in the text of the paper or the text of the conclusion part of the paper, and don't interpret the content of the paper.
(2) Try to use written narrative, and don't list the data in the paper in the abstract; The words should be concise, exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field, and delete meaningless or unnecessary words; The content shall not be demonstrated, not exemplified, and the research process shall not be introduced;
The content of the abstract must be complete, and the main contents (or opinions) expounded in the paper can not be omitted, but should be written into short articles that can be used independently.
Generally, it is not segmented, and continuous writing is prohibited. The statement should be objective, and it is not suitable for subjective evaluation of the research process, methods and achievements, nor for comparative explanation with other people's research.
3. Matters needing attention in writing English abstracts
The above precautions in writing Chinese abstracts are all applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own expressions and language habits, so special attention should be paid when writing English abstracts.
The tense of English abstract is usually simple present tense or simple past tense. Among them, the simple present tense is used to explain the research purpose, describe the research content, describe the results, draw conclusions, make suggestions or discuss. The general past tense is used to describe the discovery of a certain moment (period) and a certain research process (experiment, observation, investigation, medical treatment, etc.). The occurrence or phenomenon described in the past tense is often not recognized as a natural law or an eternal truth, and the research process described clearly bears traces of the past time. English abstracts occasionally use the perfect tense, in which the present perfect tense relates what happened or has been completed in the past to the present, while the past perfect tense can be used to indicate what has been completed before a certain time in the past, or another past behavior that has been completed before a past thing is completed. English abstracts basically do not need compound tenses such as progressive tenses.
(2) What voice should be used in English abstracts? We should not only consider the characteristics of abstracts, but also meet the needs of expression. An abstract is very short. Try not to mix it casually, let alone mix it in one sentence.
Nowadays, more and more people advocate the use of active voice in abstracts because it helps to make the text clear, concise and expressive. But in order to emphasize the undertaker of the action, or just to explain the facts, as for who did it, you can use the passive voice without having to prove it one by one; In some cases, passive people don't care, and what is emphasized must also be the subject.
The first sentence of the original abstract usually starts with the third person, but now it tends to start with a simpler passive voice or prototype verb. It is best not to use the first person when writing, so as to facilitate the editing and publication of abstract publications.
(4) Keywords
1. Keyword description
Keywords are words or phrases that reflect the theme of the paper, usually arranged under the abstract, and the font size is different from the text. Generally, each article can choose 3~8 keywords, and multiple keywords are separated by semicolons, which are arranged from big to small according to the extension (conceptual scope) level of the entry.
Keywords are generally noun words or phrases, and in some cases there are verb words or phrases.
English keywords corresponding to Chinese keywords should be marked. Chinese comes first, foreign language comes last. Chinese keywords are marked with "keywords:" or "[keywords]"; English keywords are marked with "keywords:".
Key words should be selected from the National Standard Chinese Thesaurus as far as possible; Important terms and names of new disciplines, regions, people and documents that are not included in the glossary can also be used as keywords. Keywords should be general technical terms that can cover the main content of the paper.
2. Method of selecting keywords
The general selection method of keywords is: after the author finishes writing the paper, he selects from its title, hierarchical title and text (high frequency and key words).
(6) Text
1. Text description
In order to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several small logical segments, and a small logical segment can contain one or several natural segments, so that the text forms several levels. Each logical segment can have an appropriate title. There are generally no punctuation marks at the end of the title (except question marks, exclamation marks and ellipsis). It is best to use the presentation method of standard segments in the presentation of natural segments.
The so-called normative paragraph refers to a monosyllabic paragraph with complete meaning. An idea is written in a paragraph, and the whole paragraph serves this little argument. In writing, it is often summarized in only one sentence. This will not only make the author not irrelevant when writing, but also make the reader clear at a glance. This sentence summarizes the purpose of the paragraph and can be placed at the beginning or end of the paragraph.
The level of the paper should not be too much, generally not more than five levels.
Generally speaking, the level of a paper can be expressed in the form of a title and "(1)" in the order of "I", "I" and "1". The hierarchical serial number of the paper should not be the same as the annotation number.
1. standardization of references and their functions
In order to reflect the scientific basis of the article, the author should respect the seriousness of other people's research results and provide readers with the sources of relevant information. Generally, a list of references should be listed at the end of the text. The list is limited to the most important documents read by the author himself and published in official publications. The documents cited in the paper should mainly be academic journals directly related to the writing of the paper.
Citation should be based on original documents and first-hand information. All quotations from other people's opinions or words, whether published or not, whether printed or electronic, must indicate the source or be annotated. All references should be truthfully stated. The introduction, comments, quotations and annotations of existing academic achievements should be objective, fair and accurate. False labeling, forgery and tampering with documents are all academic misconduct.
Academic papers or research reports must pay special attention to the treatment of references, which represents the author's rigorous and responsible attitude in academic research and also shows the author's academic literacy, academic taste and academic style; The processing of references is also conducive to readers' further tracking and verification.
When a method cited by the author is out of date in many documents, the most authoritative one should be selected as a reference document, so as to reflect the value of the paper.
The original documents cited in the paper should be quoted in quotation marks; If you quote the original meaning, use a colon or comma before the text, without quotation marks. A relatively complete long quotation should be divided into paragraphs independently, that is, a paragraph after a colon. The whole writing method should be indented by two spaces (the first line should be indented by four spaces relative to the text), and written in small five characters in regular script, without quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quotation.