First, the establishment of "social sports" social practice and theoretical needs
The emergence of any theory or discipline is always based on certain social practice activities, which is a reflection of some human social practice activities. The same is true of social sports, which has a profound and extensive social practice foundation. After the Second World War, the upsurge of mass sports worldwide, the vigorous development of mass sports activities since the founding of New China for more than 50 years, especially the profound changes in social sports since the reform and opening up, and the comprehensive establishment of the concept of "people-oriented" have provided extremely good social conditions for the establishment of social sports.
(A) the formation of foreign mass sports fever
After the western developed countries entered the post-industrial society, great changes have taken place in the mode of production and lifestyle, resulting in the aging of population composition, the intelligentization of labor composition, the high nutrition of diet composition, the socialization and service of consumption structure, and the civilization of disease composition, which made mass sports rise rapidly. Mass sports, high-level competitive sports represented by the "Olympic Movement" and school sports developing in the direction of standardization are three pillars, and have formed a series of characteristics: popularization, popularization and scientificity.
(B) the rapid development of mass sports in China
The socialist system requires that mass sports in China be regarded as a form of investment in human resources development and an indispensable social activity in building socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization. However, the economic conditions for developing mass sports in China are still quite weak, and the ideological understanding of developing mass sports is gradually changing and improving. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, mass sports have developed steadily, and the number of sports population has increased rapidly, far higher than the average level of developing countries. The physique and health of urban and rural residents have been greatly improved; The average life expectancy of the population is close to the level of developed countries in the world; The national fitness campaign is shaping a strong body for modern builders; Significant progress has been made in the construction of sports venues; Workers' sports, farmers' sports, community sports, national sports, elderly sports and disabled sports have promoted the all-round development of mass sports; The sports management mode and operation mechanism adapted to the market economy are gradually formed; At the moment of welcoming the new century, people's sports values have undergone important changes.
China's mass sports are both national and global, and China's mass sports with distinctive national colors are an integral part of mass sports in the world today. Therefore, it is a strong need of the times to study the experience of mass sports at home and abroad with a scientific attitude and establish theories to guide the development of social sports and national fitness activities in China. At the same time, we should also see that the development of mass sports at home and abroad has continuously provided extremely rich information for the establishment of social sports and created a good theoretical environment.
(C) the development trend of sports science
1. Lameness in China's sports science system
Comparing the disciplines listed in the international sports science system with those that have appeared in China's sports science, and comparing the courses offered by sports colleges at home and abroad, it is not difficult to find that there is a big branch of disciplines missing in China, that is, the research on social sports and national fitness activities.
The lack of social sports research will inevitably weaken many branches of this discipline group, such as rehabilitation sports, disabled sports, women's sports, entertainment and leisure, sports sociology, sports psychology and so on. , causing the lame phenomenon of China's sports science system and affecting the development process of sports science.
At the same time, due to the loss of such a research angle, the existing curriculum has become less complete. For example, sports physiology and sports biochemistry pay more attention to how to improve the physiological and biochemical functions of the human body to improve sports performance, while ignoring the research on how most people improve their physiological and biochemical functions by participating in sports. Similarly, sports psychology only pays attention to how to improve people's psychological state to improve sports performance, but ignores the research on the benefits of participating in sports to people's mental health, which makes the above discipline lose an important aspect.
Because of this lame phenomenon, our understanding of sports means and methods is often biased. We can only play around in competitive sports, but we can't broaden our horizons and display our skills, let alone create new competitive sports, games and fitness activities.
Therefore, we deeply feel the necessity of establishing social sports, because it is the only way to eradicate this abnormal phenomenon.
2. The disintegration of the course "Sports Theory"
Some people think that "social sports" (formerly known as "mass sports") is a part of the mess that sports theory has to leave after it is divided into "sports training", "school sports" and "introduction to sports", so the appearance of "social sports" is a passive phenomenon. In fact, a little analysis shows that this view is not in line with the actual situation of the development of sports science and sports theory.
Let's briefly review the brief history of the evolution of China's sports theory. Before liberation, there were courses such as introduction to sports, principles of sports and introduction to sports in China. Their disciplinary nature is comprehensive, which is a primary and fuzzy synthesis. They mixed the relevant sports history, sports theory, sports methods and the low-level biological science theoretical knowledge at that time to form a complex discipline, which was mainly used to spread sports ideas in modern Europe.
After the Second World War, the development trend of sports science appeared as a single discipline. For example, with the rapid development of sports anatomy and sports physiology, the theory of physical education has been divided for the first time. After this division, the theory of physical education has become a pure pedagogy theory, and its full name should be the theory of physical education, which is a branch of pedagogy. This was the result of studying Soviet educational theory in 1950s, and it was also determined by the political conditions in China at that time.
After 1978, "Sports Theory" followed the three-legged trend of sports development and showed a comprehensive trend again. The chapter of "physical exercise" is added to the content, and the part of sports training is expanded, trying to explain the problems in these two fields by pedagogy. However, it turns out that all kinds of questions in competitive sports can't be answered only by the principles and methods of pedagogy, and sports training is out of touch with sports theory, which is the inevitable result of the evolution of scientific logic. Similarly, "social sports" can not only develop under the jurisdiction of pedagogy, but also has a closer kinship with biological science, sociology, management, aesthetics and psychology. Naturally, it should be divorced from sports theory and developed in a broader world. In this historical evolution, school physical education has returned to the origin of physical education theory. However, Introduction to Sports should not be a simple inheritance of this discipline in 1930s and 1940s, nor should it be a low-level explanation of sports phenomena, let alone a diagram of sports policies. Instead, we should make full use of and develop the research results of sports science system and become a programmatic discipline of sports science. Therefore, it is necessary to develop from the introduction of sports in the 1930s to the introduction of sports in the 1980s, which echoes and is symmetrical with the introduction of management, psychology, literature, history and aesthetics.
3. International sports science research trends
In the development of modern sports and modern sports science, many countries have strengthened and attached importance to the study of mass sports, which is the return of humanistic spirit. During this period, the academic exchanges of international mass sports were also carried out frequently, and many international sports biology reports were held, most of which discussed or involved mass sports. The sports lectures held by the European Parliament are mostly about the disabled, the elderly, women and physical fitness. The World Mass Sports Conference has been held many times, which has greatly promoted the development of mass sports in various countries. In order to make our country have more international languages in social sports, it is very necessary to strengthen the research and discipline construction in the field of social sports.
(D) Training tasks of sports talents
1. The subject content of social sports should be an important part of the knowledge structure of ordinary sports talents.
With the development of sports and sports science, senior sports talents began to transfer from sports technical talents to sports science knowledge talents, and junior high school sports talents also began to transfer to the middle type between the two. In the teaching of sports scientific knowledge, the scientific knowledge about physical exercise should account for a large proportion. In the United States, many university physical education departments began to evolve in the direction of health and entertainment. The courses offered by Osaka Sport University in Japan include social education theory, social sports management organization theory, public health, pathology, nutrition, production sports theory, safety management, entertainment theory, outdoor activities theory, school health care and so on.
In the past 20 years' teaching, most students of physical education department think that social sports is worth learning, and they have gained a lot after learning. It is especially gratifying that many students are going to apply for graduate students majoring in sports humanities and sociology after studying social sports. It fully shows that social sports is a popular course for students, because it meets the needs of students' knowledge structure and ability training.
2. The demand of cultivating mass sports professionals.
Analysis of the training of sports professionals in various countries can be roughly divided into the following categories (excluding administrative personnel):
(1) Type of physical education-physical education teacher;
(2) Types of competitive sports-athletes, coaches and referees;
(3) Sports scientific research type-sports scientific research personnel;
(4) Social sports type-social sports instructor;
(5) Sports management types-government sports officials, professional (part-time) sports cadres in factories and mines, managers of commercial sports and entertainment places, etc.
Due to the serious shortage of physical education teachers in China, the main energy of physical education departments has been concentrated on teacher training for many years, so the contradiction of cultivating social sports talents has been covered up. In the past, few schools specially trained talents in this field. From the analysis of the future social development trend, it is estimated that there will be 800,000 social sports instructors for every 2,000 people. This is a talent development direction worthy of our attention.
Second, the social sports teaching material system
According to the scope and object of social sports, this book is divided into social sports theory, social sports management, basic principles and methods of physical exercise, lifelong sports and social sports scientific research. Among them, social sports belongs to the study of social function structure, lifelong sports belongs to the study of people's participation in sports, and physical exercise belongs to the study of basic ways and methods to realize social sports.
The study of social sports basically belongs to the category of management and sociology. It should study the best scheme of social sports organization and management, and the principles and methods to deal with various problems in social sports. Social sports is the most common sports phenomenon in human society. No matter what kind of social form and social organization structure in history, we can see various forms of social sports. At this point, it has more activity space and takes up more social time than competitive sports and school sports. When we take social sports as a management concept, we can extend the concepts of enterprise sports, rural sports, community sports, urban sports, family sports, national sports, folk sports, professional sports (not referring to the sports of professional athletes, but to meet the needs of different occupations), as well as operational concepts such as sports population and sports participation.
The research of lifelong physical education basically belongs to the research of pedagogy, hygiene and health promotion theory. Lifelong physical education evolved from lifelong education. Lifelong sports requires learning mass sports of different ages according to the time line in order to achieve the purpose of lifelong sports participation; According to the arrangement of space, lifelong sports should study the sports activities of different professional places and special people in order to cover the members of society to the maximum extent. Lifelong sports often involve the concept of naming people, such as staff sports, farmers sports, elderly sports, women sports, baby sports, disabled sports and disadvantaged groups sports.
The research on physical exercise has a more comprehensive nature. It should use the basic theoretical knowledge of life science, psychology, aesthetics, sports methodology and other disciplines to study the principles and methods of different people using sports to enhance their physique, develop their bodies and improve their health, that is, to explain why and how to exercise. From "physical exercise" to biology, we can introduce the concepts of life, health, physique, disease, aging, growth, development, physical development, function, shape, physical quality related to health, heredity, variation, evolution, degradation, mental health and so on. Physical exercise in a broad sense also includes sports entertainment.
The development from "physical exercise" to sports methodology can lead to the concepts of bodybuilding, recreational sports, fitness sports, professional sports training, medical sports, orthopedic sports and health care sports.
In the whole sports science system, it belongs to the same level as school sports and belongs to the application level of social humanities. Subordinate branches supporting social sports are: 1. Medicine; 2. Anthropometry; 3. Pedagogy; 4. Sociology; 5. Psychology; 6. entertainment; 7. Exercise method; 8. management, etc.
Third, the prospect of social sports.
(A) the research topic is facing
Social sports will carry out its academic activities in a wide range of fields, and the topics it faces include the following categories:
1. The relationship between social sports and economic and social development;
2. The position and role of social sports in the whole sports cause:
3. Research on the index system of social sports management;
4. The standard of sports population in China, the age, sex, occupation and geographical distribution of sports population, and the measures to increase the sports population in China;
5. Various sociological factors affecting the development of mass sports in China, such as population, leisure time, consumption, nutrition, epidemic disease, etc.
6. Carry out research on the outline of the national fitness plan;
7. Basic characteristics of social sports participants in China:
8. Characteristics and requirements of physical exercise in different stages of life development;
9. The methods and means of physical exercise in China, its historical evolution and cultural background, and the similarities and differences between China and western fitness methods;
10. The mechanism of physical exercise to enhance physical fitness;
1 1. The relationship between physical exercise and intellectual development;
12. The relationship between physical exercise and psychological emotion;
13. the relationship between physical exercise and anti-aging and longevity;
14. The relationship between physical exercise and immunity and disease prevention;
15. Physical health standards for urban and rural residents in China, as well as physical fitness measurement and monitoring;
16. Principles and methods of leisure sports and recreational sports;
17. Social sports industry policy and market forecast;
18. Professional standard system for social sports instructors;
19. Experiences and lessons of foreign mass sports;
20. Social sports development strategy research, etc.
Some of the above studies are still in the hypothetical stage, some are confirmed by some scientific experiments and social surveys, and a large number of them are still in the stage of summing up people's experience. This shows that although social sports is an immature subject, it has fascinating fields and is a promising subject.
(2) Expectation for social sports
The road of "social sports" is long and arduous, but we firmly believe that with the progress of society, the in-depth development of sports undertakings and the change of people's sports concepts, "social sports" will surely sprout and thrive in an environment with sufficient sunshine, moisture and soil.
We hope to develop and improve rapidly on the basis of existing social sports and establish social sports discipline groups.
We hope this course can become a compulsory course for undergraduates, junior college students and some graduate students in physical education colleges, and the major of sports sociology can become the main major in physical education departments.
We hope to establish some research institutes or research centers throughout the country, mainly to study mass sports.
We hope to run all kinds of national academic journals of social sports.
We hope that China will become one of the authoritative spokespersons for the international academic report on mass sports.
We hope that more and more experts and scholars will devote themselves to this field, so that social sports can contribute to the physical and mental health of more than one billion people and the further understanding and transformation of mankind.