Three elements of argumentative writing are introduced into the common structural mode of argumentative writing: viewpoint+material+comment+summary.
Example:
The light of life changes with the place. (opinion) Zara? Philip, the granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth of England, was once rated as one of the "50 most beautiful people in the world" by People magazine. Her elegant manners made the British royal family proud. However, when Princess Zara resolutely decided to become an equestrian rider, the light of her life changed color. Taking off her crown and dress, she trained as hard as ordinary riders and squeezed into the booth to choose saddles for others. In September 2006, she successfully won the "European All-around Riding Championship", which inspired the whole England. In this new position on the sports field, Princess Zara is like a dewdrop, shining with her light. Her golden royal label turned into a bright red medal. In the palace, her beauty makes the royal family shine; On the court, her skills impressed everyone. (Comment) On the brocade of life, each of us should learn from Zara, who is 25 years old, how to add flowers suitable for the brocade and how to find the direction of blooming life in different positions. (Summary and Extended Analysis) (3 19 words)
Advantages: clear point of view, clear hierarchy and typical materials; The analysis is close to the center, vivid and appropriate, and summarizes and deepens the theme.
It is a successful argumentative essay.
Point of view-clear (in a word, clean)
Material-a typical example, a concise narrative (it is best to use an example recognized by the public, such as someone)
Analysis-insisting on central discussion is not free.
Summarize-summarize and reveal the theme
(Breaking includes two aspects: point topic, point topic and point topic keyword; The dot is at the beginning, and the dot is at the end and middle of the article.
Mode 2, four paragraphs and twelve sentences, a perfect composition is completed!
Example: Read the fable poem "Comment on Birds" and complete two questions and answers.
The sparrow says that the swallow/is a coward who is afraid of the cold/the swallow says that the oriole/apprentice has beautiful costumes/the oriole says that the lark/the voice is sweet and the motivation is impure/the lark says that it is the most unprincipled/the parrot says that the magpie/parrot is born with an ugly face and obsequiousness/the magpie says that the goshawk is ambitious/the goshawk says that the sparrow is short-sighted.
Write an argumentative essay of not less than 600 words from the angle of your choice, draw up a topic by yourself and discuss it with real life. (1995 college entrance examination questions)
Please read the perfect composition carefully and discuss the structural features of this argumentative essay.
(1) The sparrow laughs that the swallow is afraid of the cold, and the swallow laughs that the oriole is superficial; Larks sing sweetly, but are described as impure by orioles. Parrots talk like economists, but they are ridiculed by larks as unprincipled guys.
(2) The fable poem "Comment on Birds" arouses our deep thoughts. Jealousy and ignoring the advantages of others are the enemies of our growth and development. To succeed, we must learn from others with an open mind.
(3) Openness is the expression of noble sentiment, and only in this way can it be a healthy character. (4) Zhou Yu of the Three Kingdoms was a young and promising scholar. (5) However, in the face of resourceful Zhu Gekongming, Zhou Yu did not learn from him, but was jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent. He refused to admit the fact that Zhuge Liang was better at chess than himself. Instead, he lamented that "He Shengliang was born in" and eventually died of depression. (6) This historical fact shows the harm of jealousy. Jealousy is like a stumbling block, which hinders our development, makes us unable to clearly realize our own shortcomings, and is not conducive to the formation of healthy morality.
(7) One person is like this, and so is a country. If you want to develop, you must learn from the strengths of other countries and face up to your own shortcomings. History has taught us profound lessons. (9) At the end of the 10-year catastrophe, Deng Xiaoping led the people to set things right and put forward the policies of reform and opening up, developing productive forces and absorbing foreign advanced experience, which revived the land of China. Isn't this the result of acknowledging the advantages of others, learning with an open mind and not being jealous? (10), the reason is obvious.
(1 1) As teenagers, we should not be jealous of the merits and success of others, but learn from others with an open mind and create a world by our own efforts. As a developing country, China lacks experience in the tide of commodity economy, so it is wise to absorb foreign successful experience.
analyse
A good beginning is half the battle. Material composition generally adopts the way of "quoting material" at the beginning, but don't copy and verbose. This article gives us a demonstration.
The first paragraph (1) quotes materials, which are cleverly summarized in only one sentence.
The second paragraph (2) immediately shows the central point of the whole paper: jealousy that does not face up to the advantages of others is the enemy of our growth and development. To succeed, we must learn from others with an open mind. The arguments are accurate and the views are clear.
The beginning is small and lively, which can be described as anticlimactic.
In the third paragraph, four sentences (3), (4), (5) and (6) are used, which are connected with historical argumentation and constitute a rigorous argumentation process. (3) From the perspective of "what", this sentence puts forward a sub-argument. (4)(5) For example. (6) comments. This is a common discussion paragraph mode: make an argument-state facts-make sense.
In the process of this argument, some students often lack "discussion" and only have "argument+example", which is unreasonable. This will make the article superficial. The author of this paper not only gives typical examples, but also buckles examples and topics after the examples, and digs out the harm of jealousy and its enlightenment to people from Zhou Yu's history, so as to make an accurate discussion. We should have this kind of "discussion consciousness and habit" to prevent the problem of "no discussion with examples"
In addition, the examples in this paper come from textbooks, which are a treasure house of arguments and should be well developed.
The fourth paragraph also uses four sentences (7), (8), (9) and (10). (7) Paying attention to the transition and putting forward arguments is a link between the preceding and the following. The pen is very economical, and the writing is dense. This is worth learning. (8) (9) The argument structure of the sentence (10) is the same as that of the previous paragraph, but the content and angle have changed: First, it has gradually deepened from the "negative example" to the "positive example" in the previous paragraph, from "personal survival" to "social development" and from "small" to "big". Second, from historical facts to reality, this not only meets the requirements of the topic "Connecting with real life", but also enriches the content of the article and makes it full of life. This is what we should study hard.
The last paragraph of the article is over. (1 1), the author uses a famous saying to combine the above two statements. It has the effect of taking one as ten. The sentence (12) is very strict and requires three responses. The former clause echoes a negative argument, the latter clause echoes a positive argument and then echoes the central argument at the beginning. It is "connecting yourself" again, which can be described as killing three birds with one stone. It is really a "leopard tail"!
Writing instruction:
This article is exemplary and imitative.
The whole article, 4 paragraphs, 12 sentences. The first paragraph introduces the materials, puts forward the central argument, gathers and gives consideration to the end, and demonstrates in the middle two paragraphs, comparing the advantages and disadvantages. Each paragraph consists of three layers: "station-broadcast-discussion". A perfect composition of 12 sentences is completed. It seems not difficult to write an argumentative essay.
Model three-center argument+sub-argument.
This is a very typical argumentative structure model, which is adopted by many famous articles, such as Ideal Ladder, Talking about Diligence, Talking about Bones and so on.
The following is the structural outline of Say's "diligence":
Central argument: "As the saying goes:' Nothing is difficult in the world. Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, said,' Hard-working people are hard-working.' Profound knowledge comes from diligence. "
Sub-argument 1: hard work produces results.
Sub-argument 2: Diligence makes wisdom.
This model is most suitable for fast writing in the college entrance examination room and the easiest to learn. So it can be regarded as the most important training. The argument must be clearly expressed in one or a few sentences. Secondly, we should also pay attention to putting the argument in an appropriate and eye-catching position.
The central argument is usually placed at the end of the first paragraph. If the sentence is long, you can put a separate paragraph (the second paragraph). Sub-arguments are usually placed at the beginning of each paragraph.
1, an argumentative essay should have at least two arguments, preferably three or four.
2. The language of sub-arguments should be concise and generally controlled within 15 words.
3. The statement of sub-arguments should be as close as possible to the key words of the topic, so as to ensure that every paragraph is deducted.
4. Several sub-arguments try to focus on three questions: what, why and how, and one of them can be solved emphatically.
Four-center demonstration of mode+three connections (connecting history, reality and self)+ending
The first paragraph puts forward the argument, and the second paragraph thinks about the problem from a historical perspective, which can be biased towards examples; The third paragraph, think from the realistic angle, and the fourth paragraph think from the self angle. The end of the fifth paragraph.
This is a simple, efficient and practical argumentative writing mode, which can enrich the content. The article not only has a heavy sense of history, but also has the flavor of the times and practical significance.
Mode five-level progressive mode
That is to say, according to the questioning idea of "what-why-how", the argument is refined. This is a basic model, which can achieve a gradual deepening effect.
For example, write a composition on the topic of "Talking about Etiquette"
Sub-argument:
(1) Manner is a virtue, an educated and perfect temperament and style (what is it);
2 With grace, you can gain respect from others, promote love and help you live in harmony (why);
(3) To be graceful, we must strengthen the cultivation of moral sentiments, abandon vulgar words and deeds, and consciously cultivate good manners (how).
Mode six-six-stage synthesis
The first paragraph: make clear the meaning at the beginning and put forward the argument. Or quote, or metaphor, or parallelism, or briefly describe the material. In short, come straight to the point in three sentences, and don't be mystifying, winding and dragging.
The second paragraph: detailed case analysis, combining narration with discussion. Facts speak louder than words, and a good factual argument can often prove the argument forcefully. It is not easy to write detailed examples. Many students forget the genre characteristics of argumentative essays, and their descriptions are too detailed and should be avoided as much as possible.
The third paragraph: compare the examples slightly to form momentum. If a detailed example is the outline of a point, then a simple example is the extension of a surface. The combination of point and surface can form a three-dimensional sense, with three or four examples as the best. If we can form a pattern of ancient and modern China and foreign countries, it will be more comprehensive and representative.
The fourth paragraph: positive and negative contrast, highlighting the center. That is to say, on the basis of the above detailed analysis and brief comparison, we can cut in from the opposite side, combine the positive and negative, and have a clear contrast, thus highlighting the center more.
The fifth paragraph: dialectical analysis and comprehensive demonstration. Any theory is just a hypothesis, and the absolute conclusion is prone to deviation, so dialectical analysis can make the argument more rigorous and comprehensive.
The sixth paragraph: link with reality and sublimate the theme. This paragraph is to highlight the practical pertinence of the article, connect with reality, solve problems, and further sublimate the theme.
This model may require a wide range of knowledge, but it is still very operable and very suitable for composition in the examination room. Its advantages are obvious: clear thinking and strict logic; Six-step mode, interlocking, in one go, no suspicion of procrastination, so that the marking teacher can see at a glance; The argument is substantial and the argument is sufficient, which effectively overcomes the problem of vague content in writing argumentative papers.
The structure of the excellent composition of college entrance examination "getting out of the old box and breaking through the habit" (national volume1988);
The structure of "going out of the old box and breaking through the habitual forces";
1 paragraph, tracing back to the source, leading to habits: a thousand years of history, emphasizing habits.
For example, in the second paragraph, habits can be changed: people are used to disco.
In the third paragraph, three examples are cited to emphasize its harm: Edison, Wang Zhao and the ape-man.
The fourth paragraph, dialectical analysis, points out the harm: lack of innovation, always backward.
The fifth paragraph, break the habit? Be content with the status quo? Positive and negative contrast, sound the alarm.
Paragraph 6, linking with practice, emphasizing habits; Call for breakthrough and renew potential.
This article is defined as "Gan Kun" in six paragraphs, with clear thinking, distinct levels, sufficient and reasonable arguments, analysis and argumentation, which overcomes the common fault of "viewpoint+case = discussion" in argumentative writing and is worth learning.
There are many structural modes of argumentative writing, each of which needs to be studied and mastered. It is definitely impossible. Don't practice everything, or you may not practice anything well. If you master these basic elements and conventional writing methods, you can choose one or two of the above modes and practice them repeatedly, so that you won't be at a loss when writing argumentative papers. It is easy to write a good argumentative essay if you practice repeatedly, strengthen the accumulation of materials and cultivate correct thinking methods.
First, argument decomposition
This paper is the main body of argumentative paper, and the structural layout of argumentative paper is mainly the structural arrangement of this paper. A common and basic way to arrange the structure of this part is to decompose the central argument, and then demonstrate or elaborate the central argument in turn with several sub-arguments (in fact, the argument of the central argument has been done). The relationship between sub-arguments is horizontal juxtaposition, vertical progression, positive and negative contrast, unity of opposites and so on. The following is a comprehensive introduction to the decomposition method of the central argument, so that students can choose and use it according to the characteristics of the composition in specific compositions.
1, transverse decomposition
① Analysis of argument modifiers. For example:
Argument: Let students develop morally, intellectually and physically.
A. Moral education is very important to students, which is related to the problem of which class to train successors for.
B. An important sign to measure whether students have the ability to serve the society in the future is intellectual education.
C. physical education is an important symbol of students' physical quality.
D. Morality, intelligence and physique are closely linked.
(2) Analyze the relationship between related words in the argument. such as
Argument: Learning and questioning should be closely combined.
A. Learn cultural knowledge well, master all kinds of technologies, and don't know how to ask questions.
B. the purpose of asking questions is to learn more, but also to study better in the future.
(3) Associating people and things related to the argument (from ancient times to the present, from small to large, from here to there).
Argument: We should proceed from the root cause.
A to master knowledge and learn culture, we should start from the root: master the method of acquiring knowledge.
B. To build the motherland and introduce foreign capital, we should proceed fundamentally: introduce foreign "wisdom".
④ Analyze the significance of putting forward the argument.
Argument: Cheer for "shine on you is better than blue".
A "shine on you is better than Blue" is the result of students' efforts, which shows that they have made great achievements.
B "shine on you is better than blue" is the teacher's expectation. Teachers not only hope that students have real talent and practical learning, but more importantly, they hope that students can break the academic achievements of their predecessors (including themselves) and make innovations.
C "shine on you is better than blue" is also the need of social development. If society wants to develop and the times want to advance, it needs to be stronger from generation to generation.
2. Contrastive decomposition
That is, from the perspective of hypothesis, the thesis is analyzed in both positive and negative aspects. such as
Argument: if you love your son improperly, you will suffer.
A. Only by loving your son properly can you put your child on the track of healthy development.
B. Inappropriate love or even doting on children will not only make children thrive, but will hinder the healthy development of children's body and mind.
3. Vertical decomposition
(1) Analyze the argument in the order of meaning from shallow to deep.
Argument: You can't back down in the face of difficulties.
C. first of all, we must admit the difficulties.
D. Secondly, it is not afraid of difficulties.
E. Third, do everything possible to overcome difficulties.
② Ask the argument from three levels: what is-why-how. There is room for further decomposition of "why" or "how"
Argument: Life should be colorful.
1, colorful life means that life should not be a model.
2. Why should life be colorful?
B 1. conforms to human nature (people have many spiritual needs).
B2. It is beneficial to people's all-round development and physical and mental health.
B3 is conducive to fully mobilizing people's enthusiasm and forming a lively situation.
C how to make life colorful?
C 1. You should be able to combine work and rest and cultivate various interests in life.
C2. Society should create conditions for people's all-round development.
③ Excavate the causes, consequences, hazards, essence, etc. The issues discussed are step by step from the outside to the inside.
Topic: Feeling at the literacy commendation meeting.
3. Three of the four "advanced literates" can't read, because the parties concerned don't pay attention to practical results but are eager for success.
4, this trick can fool superior leaders who don't pay attention to inspection and like to listen to good words. The consequence is to deceive and fool the masses and delay major events.
The way to put an end to this phenomenon is to eradicate bureaucracy and expose formalism to the public.
4. Dialectical decomposition
Analyze and sort out with the viewpoint of connection, development and unity of opposites.
Argument: Treat jealousy correctly.
A. jealousy often leads to immoral behavior.
B. jealousy is the driving force for people to move forward. A person who lacks jealousy is often a person who lives downstream and is willing to "fall behind".
C. turn jealousy into a driving force to catch up with others.
Second, the overall layout
There is no fixed method for writing, but there are conventions. When writing argumentative essays, middle school students should first master the basic rules, start from scratch, draw inferences from others, and then make corrections.
The basic structure of argumentative writing is shown in the following figure:
① Material (Header)
Introduction → Method ② Transition
③ argument
(1) position (sub-argument)
The first layer → method ② pendulum (demonstration)
(3) pendulum (truth)
This theory is tenable (argument)
Divided into two layers, the second layer→ method ② pendulum (demonstration)
(3) discuss (truth)
① Summarize the above.
Conclusion → Methods
Make a call
(Note: This part is generally in two or three argumentation paragraphs. If there is a third argument paragraph, the writing is the same as above. )