The format of graduation thesis is also suitable for general thesis.

I don't know if the format you are talking about is typesetting format or structure. Here is a brief introduction:

The basic format of the paper

First of all, the author of the topic:

Thesis title (Song Ti No.2, no more than 20 words)

The author's name is Song Ti 4.

(full name of the company, full name of the department, and postal code of the city (or municipality directly under the Central Government))

Second, abstract keywords:

No.4: Summary No.4.

Key words: number four: content number four.

Three. Introduction: Song Sports School No.4

Fourth, the text part: the text is Song Zixiao No.4, with single-line spacing.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) title:

1 First-class title ì No.3 title 1

1. 1 second-level title D No.4 Title 2

1. 1. 1 Third-level Title Song Zixiao No.4 Title 3

Picture format of intransitive verbs: in the text, see the picture before the text, and the full text is numbered sequentially.

The picture format is JPG format, and the resolution is above 400DPI.

Seven, annotation literature:

[Note] Song No.5

① Note 1 Song Sports School No.5

② Note 2 Song Sports School No.5

[Reference] Song Ti No.5

[1] Reference 1 Song Sports School No.5

[2] Reference 2 Song Zixiao No.5.

Paper format requirements

I. Title, abstract and keywords

1. The topic of the paper is based on the topic of conventional academic papers.

2. Abstract, it is required to extract (or "extract") the main points of the article, or select one or two of the most important and innovative points in the article, instead of pursuing a comprehensive reflection of the general situation of the article; Put out the opinions in the article objectively, and don't describe the content of your article in an introductory tone. The length of the abstract is 100-300 words.

3. Keywords: 3 to 5 terms and concepts that reflect the main content of the article.

The above three items are placed on the top of the paper.

Second, the difference between "notes" and "references"

1. "Note" refers to the author's further explanation of what he wants to express. The text is marked with code ①, and the contents of comments are uniformly placed at the end of the text, and the serial number at the end of the text corresponds to the serial number in the text one by one.

2. "Reference" refers to the source indicated in the author's citation, which should be placed at the end of the text, with the serial number in the text as [1], and the document description should be placed at the end of the text uniformly, and the serial number at the end of the text corresponds to the serial number in the text one by one. The page number is placed after the serial number in the text, for example: [1](P 12).

3. "Citation" also refers to the meaning of quoting other people's works and papers, although it does not directly quote others' words. The serial number [1] should be set in the paragraph or at the end of the paragraph, and indicated at the end of the text. There is no need to separate this item from the second item, just cross-sort. The serial number at the end of the text corresponds to the serial number in the text. In this case, the page number can be omitted.

4. The same reference has been cited many times, and only one serial number is marked at the end of the article. The same serial number should appear many times in the article, and brackets should be placed after the serial number of the article to indicate the different page numbers or titles of the cited documents.

Thirdly, the format of references at the end of the article.

1. Works

[serial number] author. Title [ID]. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication.

[1] Zhang Zhijian. Research on Yan Fu's Thought [M]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 1989.

[2] "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" (the first 1 volume) [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1956.

Note: Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Complete Works of Lu Xun and Complete Works of Zhu Guangqian all have serial numbers.

2. Translation

[No.] Original author of country name or region (in brackets). Title [ID]. Translation. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication.

[1] Alice in English. Sexual psychology [M]. Trans. Pan Guangdan. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1997.

3. Classical literature

Add the serial number after the citation of ancient books of literature and history, and then add brackets, and add the title, title or page number inside. For example:

In the article, "... Confucius is independent of Guo Dongmen." [1] (Historical Records? Confucius family ")

Step 4 try

[Serial number] editor. Title [ID]. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication.

[1] Wu Yifu. Selected western papers (Volume II) [C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979.

One of the documents is highlighted in the anthology.

[serial number] The author of one of the documents, the title of the document [a], the editor of the collection, and the title of the collection [c]. Place of publication: publishing unit and year of publication.

Belinsky. On Russian novellas and the novellas of Nicola Nikolai Gogol [a]. Wu Yifu. Selected Works of Western Literary Theories: Volume II [c]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979.

5. Journal articles

[serial number] author. Title [ID]. Name, year and issue date of the publication.

Ye Lang. The significance of a dream of red mansions [J]. Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 1989, (2).

6. newspaper articles

[serial number] author, article title [identification number], newspaper name, publication date (edition).

[1] Xie Xide. Create new learning ideas. People's Daily,1998-12-25 (10).

7. Foreign languages and literature

Foreign language documents are required to express as much information as Chinese documents, but the document type identification code can be omitted.

Mansfield, R.S. & Booth. Psychology of creation and discovery,

Chinago: NelsonHall， 198 1。

[2] R.T. Setberg, The Essence of Creativity, new york: Cambridge University.

Press, 1988.

[3] Yong, L.S. Management of creative talents. Journal of creative behavior,

1994,28( 1).

Note: 1. Foreign documents must be in the original language, and it is forbidden to describe foreign languages in Chinese, such as "Oxford University Press, how many pages is a book".

2. English book titles and magazine titles are marked in italics or underlined.

Four. Identification of reference type

Reference text

Newspapers provide different types of monographs and papers.

Articles and periodicals

Degree of article

Standard patent dictionary for papers and reports

material

Literary category

Model identification M C N J D R S P Z

A brief introduction to the author of verb (abbreviation of verb)

Name, year of birth, gender, nationality (Han nationality can be omitted), native place (province, city and county), work unit (including postal code and city), professional title, degree (degree in what subject), etc.

Six, age and number usage

Gregorian century, year, year, month, day, fraction, decimal, percentage, etc. Use Arabic numerals, and the year cannot be abbreviated, such as 96 and 97. All the days in a week are Chinese characters. The historical chronology of the Republic of China and Japan before Meiji was written in Chinese characters, with the year of AD and Arabic numerals indicated in brackets; The year of the Republic of China in Japan and the years after Meiji are Arabic numerals, with brackets indicating the year of AD, such as the 40th year of Qin Wengong (722 BC), the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948) and the 6th year of Showa (194 1 year).

The approximate figures are in Chinese characters, such as "In the past 20 years of reform and opening up ……"; Integers are Arabic numerals, such as "50th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC)".

The reference number of ancient books is Chinese characters, which is consistent with the version, such as:

Xu Shen. Shuo Wen Jie Zi Nuo. [M]。 Four-part series, volume 6, page 9.

Zhu Wen Official Documents Collection Volume 36

Seven. Expression of foreigners' names

When a foreigner's name appears for the first time in a paper, indicate the foreign language in brackets after the Chinese translation, such as contemporary economists Douglass C. North and Coase; Sociologist Charles Taylor; Octavio Paz, Mexican Nobel Prize in Literature winner and poet, was born in 199 1 year, etc.

Famous figures in history, such as Marx, Lenin, Hegel, Kant, Russell, Dewey, etc. And politicians who often appear in the news today, such as Clinton, Blair, Bush, etc. No need to indicate the foreign language.

Structural principles of the paper

First, logical rationality.

Generally speaking, the basic reasoning form adopted in the article determines the internal structure form of the article. For example, an article mainly wants to discuss the cause of a thing, which is reflected in the structure and must have two parts of causality. Either infer the cause from the result or infer the result from the cause, both of which are indispensable. Another example is to discuss the relationship between general and individual things, or from individual to general, or from general to individual, or from individual to individual, which is reflected in the structure and from individual to general. It is always necessary to analyze the characteristics of individual things one by one, and then summarize the characteristics of general things; From the general to the individual, we must first draw a general conclusion and then touch on the characteristics of individual things. If it violates this development logic, its structure is unreasonable. For example, in order to draw a general conclusion, some students only based on the analysis of a case. If there is no sufficient reason to prove that the case itself is universal, then the general conclusion drawn from it is unconvincing and the structure of the paper is unreasonable. For another example, when discussing the relationship between opposites and unity of things, there are always two aspects of analysis and comparison of contradictions: positive and negative, front and back, inside and outside, up and down and quality. Ignoring one aspect will lead to one-sidedness. Many graduation theses often make this mistake, such as My Opinion on Bicycle Contracting of State-owned Highway Transportation Enterprises, which puts forward their own views on various negative views of society and enterprises on bicycle contracting. Although this is possible, the problem is that the paper basically fully affirms this contracting method. In fact, this contracting method has both positive and negative aspects, which has been confirmed by the development of practice. One-sided affirmation of a certain aspect, this extreme discussion method often can not stand the test of time. Therefore, the development of rationality cannot but follow the laws of human thinking. If it is violated, it is unreasonable and the words are not fluent. In the same way, for example, with the continuous progress of human beings, the external forms of editorials, literary reviews and economic papers can be completely different. But the internal structure of this theory is consistent. Of course, what is said here is the basic form, which does not rule out the combination and alternate use with other forms of reasoning.

Second, the meaning is given priority to, and the head and tail are integrated.

It means the center of the article, the main brain, and the commander in chief. If you want to write your graduation thesis well, you must grasp the center. The requirements of this center should be simple and clear, can be summarized in one sentence, and can achieve the purpose of simple management and complexity. Grasp this center, stick to it, go all the way to the end, don't change the topic halfway, don't stop, don't jump, so that the development of the central idea can be continuous. For example, my opinion on improving the overall advantages of state-owned highway transportation enterprises, around the central argument, discusses:

1. Overview of the overall advantages of state-owned road transport enterprises;

2. The present situation of the decline of the overall advantages of state-owned road transport enterprises;

3. Reasons for the decline of the overall advantages of state-owned road transport enterprises;

4 ways to improve the overall advantages of state-owned road transport enterprises.

It can be said that "meaning is the main thing, and the beginning and the end are consistent."

As a paper, as far as the development of ideas is concerned, we should talk about it layer by layer, and then talk about the meaning of another layer. The questions raised at the beginning should be analyzed and answered at last, so that there is a call before and a response after. For example, the article "Thoughts on Developing and Perfecting the Construction Market" revolves around the central argument of developing and perfecting the construction market. Firstly, the position and function of developing and perfecting the construction market are discussed from the perspective of theory and practice. Secondly, from the analysis of deepening the system reform and the interaction of many factors, we explore the conditions and foundation for developing and perfecting the construction market, and then explore the direction and process of developing and perfecting the construction market from the gap between conditions and foundation, and put forward the long-term development direction and the whole development process of the construction market. Finally, some feasible measures and countermeasures are put forward for the development of the construction market in the near future. Cut the bridge layer by layer, echo before and after, and become an excellent paper. Although, as an excellent paper, it is still necessary to look back and forth between each layer, and there should be no contradiction between what is said later and what is said before, so don't say it at once. Only when the central idea can run through, can we truly "keep what we say", and the article will naturally add color without flowing its words.

Third, the first layer is orderly and clear.

The article should be hierarchical and organized, which has a lot to do with the arrangement and handling of materials. Different material relations have different treatment methods. You can't be confused, the level is unclear, and naturally there is no organization.

Such as a parallel relationship. There is no master-slave relationship between the materials in each part of the article, and whoever comes first does it in order, which has little influence. For example, introduce profit rate, cost profit rate, wage profit rate, capital profit rate and so on. Introduce prices, including consumer goods prices, production materials prices, service prices, land prices, housing prices, etc., no matter which one is introduced first.

Progressive relationship, the order of some materials should not be reversed at will, and this is the progressive relationship. These materials are deeper and deeper, and if they are reversed, it will cause logical confusion. Similarly, taking the above-mentioned prices as an example, if we want to talk about the process of economic system reform, we must first talk about the price of consumer goods, because we first admit that consumer goods are commodities, and then we must introduce the prices of means of production. After the Third Plenary Session of the 12th CPC Central Committee, we abandoned the traditional view that "the means of production are not commodities". Next, we will introduce the service price, land price, housing price and so on. It was not until 1992 that we realized that it must be mainly formed by the market. The above statement shows that our understanding is deepening. When the progressive relationship is handled well, it will deepen step by step, and the truth is like reeling, which changes as it turns.

Continue the relationship. The former part and the latter part have a direct logical connection. Although the levels are divided, the truth is exhausted. There are unfinished needs at the previous level, and then continue, without interruption. For example, arranging arguments in the order of progress and expounding some facts, this method is widely used. For example, when discussing the development of joint-stock cooperative economy, the author often starts with the process of origin, development and perfection, which is clear and coherent.

Contradictory relationship. The reason discussed in this paper is the unity of opposites. For pros and cons, internal and external, before and after, quality, victory and defeat, performance shortcomings and so on. They are both related and different. The focus of the discussion is to clarify that they are dialectical and unified and cannot be treated in isolation. Then in the discussion, we can't emphasize one side and ignore the other. Because the theoretical foundation of graduates is not very deep; The way of dialectical thinking is not well mastered, so one-sided mistakes often appear in the writing of graduation thesis. In order to emphasize the role of something, it is excellent, and the whole article is positive material without any shortcomings; If you want to deny anything, it is extremely poor. The whole article is negative material and there is no great achievement. This kind of paper is hierarchical in structure.

Balance goes against common sense.

In short, the relationship between things is clear and embodied in the structure, and the outline of the article is clear.

Fourth, the tenon is thin and the transition is natural. China's ancient composition pays attention to initiation, inheritance, transformation and combination. Starting and combining are always starting and summing up problems. Bearings and turning points are tenons and turning points If you want to make the article seamless, without traces of fracture, well-versed, rhythmic reasoning, tenons and turning points are not to be ignored.

A tenon is where one part of the content meets another. Just like the tenon of wooden furniture. The concave-convex part should be neither big nor small, but just right, so that the product can be exquisite. If you can't take it off, it will be ugly and inappropriate, and so will writing a graduation thesis. A piece of paper is good, but there is something wrong with a tenon, and that is a mistake. Because it plays a connecting role in the article, it is the link between the preceding and the following. If we don't pay attention to it, it will lead to the disconnection of meaning. To solve this problem, it is necessary to explain the connection between the media and the central link, usually through transition. Several paragraphs in the paper are transitional. For example, a paper on rural joint-stock cooperative system, after introducing five different forms of developing rural joint-stock cooperative system, wrote, "These forms, because of different factors of production and different ways of joint-stock cooperation, have different proportions of income distribution." With this change, it is natural to turn to the analysis of the income distribution of these different forms of joint-stock cooperative system. There is also a turning point in the sentence. For example, a student discussed Deng Xiaoping's agricultural thought to guide the continuous development of agricultural production in XX city. He first expounded a series of thoughts of Comrade Deng Xiaoping that "agriculture is fundamental", and then discussed the sustainable development of agricultural production in XX city under the guidance of this thought. In the middle, "under the guidance of Comrade Deng Xiaoping's" agriculture is fundamental ",the city of XX has deepened its understanding of the importance of agriculture" as a transition. There are many transitional words, such as "so", "so", "obviously" and so on. In order to make a proper transition, we must understand the relationship between the upper and lower paragraphs and then decide what form to connect them. Some places need to be discussed, some places need to be used for reference, and some places need complicated judgment and reasoning, which cannot be taken away. If omitted, the article will take a sharp turn, making people suddenly feel redundant.

The turning point refers to the transformation of two meanings. There are also paragraph turning, sentence turning and word turning in the paper. For example, a student analyzed the traditional labor and employment system, first discussed realistically that the fixed-term employment system implemented by state-owned enterprises in China had played a role, and then discussed that the implementation of this fixed-term employment system was increasingly unsuitable for the development of social economy, which brought a series of problems. In the middle, he said, "But because full employment has long been regarded as the superiority of the socialist system, it has brought two major problems." This is a sentence as a turning point, which makes the context seem appropriate and natural. In addition, the traditional turning techniques in China include formulaic (open turning) and reserved (dark turning), including sharp turning, slow turning, front turning, and front turning at the end of the text. Which way to choose depends on the specific situation.

Fifth, look ahead and adjust the structure.

Structure is the organizational arrangement of the content of the article, and the structure of the paper should be smooth and orderly, with clear levels and strict logic. Once the structure is determined, it must be modified to prevent rework afterwards. The modification of the structure mainly starts from three aspects: first, whether each level is clear, whether there is repetition or contradiction, whether there is omission or redundancy, whether the meaning is coherent and smooth, and whether it meets the proof requirements of each argument; Second, look at whether the transition and care between levels are consistent, whether the transition is natural and appropriate, and whether the cohesion between paragraphs is close; Third, look at whether the preface theory, theory and conclusion are coordinated, and whether there is a situation that the former should not answer after calling, and the former does not answer after asking. In a word, the structural modification is to clearly divide the chaotic levels, arrange unreasonable paragraphs properly, change the incoherent ones from top to bottom into coherent ones, change the uncoordinated ones into echoes, and change the inappropriate details into appropriate ones. Try to be seamless and leave no traces.