Ode to Buddha
Buddhist music originated in India, and the development of Buddhist music in Han Dynasty in China began in Bai Fan. Brahma means "purity" in Indian. Bai is the abbreviation of "Bai Ni" in Hindi, which means to praise or sing. Bai Fan also praises Bai, Sanskrit, Buddhist songs and Buddhist music. It is an ode that Buddhists sing, support, stop and praise in front of Buddhists and Bodhisattvas when they hold religious ceremonies. Later generations generally call it traditional Buddhist music.
source and course
Since Buddhism was introduced into the Three Kingdoms, some eminent monks from India and the Western Regions spread and translated Buddhist scriptures in Han, and also brought Buddhist music from India and the Western Regions. The wise and modest Yueshi made three deeds of "Ju Lian Bai Fan Bodhisattva" according to the Infinite Life Sutra and the Benqi Sutra. The Buddhist Association also wrote this song, and passed on the Voice of Mud White. In addition, Duo Luo, who made "Three Things of Lingyun", is also from the Western Region. Yue Shiren supported the "new sound and beautiful Sanskrit sound" in the south of the county, and passed on the "six-character Sanskrit sound" to future generations. "The original husband by years, clip translation hanting. There are some (French) orchids in the north, which begin to stand tall and straight and announce; The Southern Wei (Kang) Monks Association, Yang Lai satirized (Song Zanning's Biography of Song Monks) that Brahma IV they passed on should be a Buddhist song in the western region style. However, these foreign "Hu Bai" did not spread widely.
According to legend, Chen Caozhi in the Cao Wei period was the earliest founder of China. He tasted the taste of Fish Mountain (a fishing mountain, now Axian County, Shandong Province) and heard the sound of Bai Fan in the air, which was clear and sad. He listened carefully for a long time and learned a lot. He copied its syllables, wrote Bai Fan according to Ruiying Benqi Sutra, and made a sound through writing, which was later. His Bai Fan consists of six chapters, namely Bai Fan on the Fish Mountain (also known as Bai Fan on the Fish Mountain, see Fayuan Zhu Lin). "。 [Tang] Stone Taoist wrote Fa Zhu Yuan Lin for thirty-six years, saying, "Every time you read Buddhist scriptures, you have to wander around and play, thinking that the supreme Tao is also the ultimate. Then the system turned to praise seven times, and the ups and downs of the voice were tortuous. The world laughed, salty and solemn, tasted the fish mountain, and suddenly smelled the Sanskrit in the air. It is elegant and sad, vivid and lonely for a long time, and the servants listened to it, deeply impressed by the gods and suddenly realized the statutes. It is to copy its sound segments, write them in Brahma, and express them after writing them. Brahma's voice became famous here. Xie An lived in Huijili and fled with Wang Xizhi, Levin Xu Xun and Sang Men. When you go out, you catch mountains and rivers, but when you enter the door, you say that you belong to the text and have no intention of dealing with the world. " From this point of view, "Cao Zijian traveled to the fish mountain and heard the sound of the rock valley, and wrote Bai Fan Pu, which should be the beginning of Oriental Bai Fan". Biography of monk Shi Huijue. "On the Thirteen Classics Poems" said: "Wei and Wang love the profound rhythm of sound and feel the interest of sound, which not only covers the sound, but also feels the divine system of fish and mountains; "Therefore, I compiled the book Ruiying Benqi, thinking that the Scholar's Academy spread more than 3,000 words, of which 40% was in the contract." Another cloud said, "In the past, praise and white were all rhymed, and five people violated the customs, so it was better to use music. The origin of Brahma also originated in Chen Si. It started with an ode to the prince and an ode to her. Because the voice is controlled, the breathing is restrained, and the law is given by God. Today's Emperor Gu Wei built it. "
Cao Zhi matched the musical melody with the Sanskrit rhyme and pronunciation of Chinese characters in poetry, making the chanting of Buddhist scriptures seamless, and "it is more important to have both sound and text". The method of combining Sanskrit pronunciation with the new system of ode solves the problem that chanting Chinese in Sanskrit is too complicated. Satire Sanskrit with Chinese songs, the problem of "short rhyme and long words" With Cao Zhi's experience, monks in past dynasties began to try to further adapt Buddhist songs or other innovative songs with China folk music, so that ancient Indian Bai Fan music was gradually combined with China traditional culture, and Bai Fan embarked on the road of prosperity and development. Later, Zhi Qian, Kangsenghui, Mi Li and other eminent monks combined China folk music with orthodox literature at that time, and created and initially formed a Chinese Buddhist music system-Bai Fan, China. During the Qi and Liang Dynasties of the Six Dynasties, Buddhists began to absorb folk literary forms (such as "reading" and "singing"). This is an important period for the development of Bai Fanjiao in China. Yuefu Miscellaneous Songs (volume 1978) contains 12 pieces of Fa Shoule composed by Qi, each of which has five words and eight sentences, eulogizing the life story of Sakyamuni. Judging from its vocal system, it is undoubtedly sung with this kind of white sail.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism not only prevailed in popular music (chanting scriptures, Buddhism), but also gradually spread to Han due to the development of transportation in the western regions. In addition, there are Buddhist songs introduced by Bai Fan from other Buddhist countries, and some Bai Fan are also used by the court Yuefu, which have had an important impact on the development of Bai Fanjiao in China. It can be said that China and Bai Fan have entered a glorious period since then. Yang Chen's Le Shu contains Hu Diao (volume 159), which records the Bai Fan used in Yuefu in Tang Dynasty, including Puguang Buddha, Maitreya Buddha, Sun Guang Buddha, Dawei Buddha, Tathagata Tibetan Buddhism, Sakyamuni Buddha, Shidi Buddha and Guanyin. The extant materials of Buddhist songs and praises in Tang Dynasty include Ode to Pure Land for Good Guidance, Ode to Samadhi Road in Ming Sutra, and Ode to Five Meetings of Pure Land by Law. The tune used should still be Bai Fan's tune, and the popular variant in the Tang Dynasty is also Bai Fan's rhyme. The Buddhist songs of the Tang Dynasty contained in Dunhuang manuscripts have many tones, such as Siddhartha Tan Song, Biography of the Wugeng, Twelve o'clock and so on.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, instrumental music was very popular in China, and Buddhism also used this popular form to support buddhas and bodhisattvas, so as to get close to the people and receive more Buddhist believers. At the same time, it also absorbed a large number of folk tunes and qupai from north and south, and temples around the country successively produced Brahma with local characteristics. However, it is mainly the difference between North and South. The influential book Ode to the Names of Buddha and Bodhisattva in the history of Buddhist music is full of various tunes in the north and south. This book has 50 volumes and was compiled in the 15th to 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (14 17- 1420).
According to incomplete statistics, there are nearly 200 kinds of north-south tunes commonly used in Bai Fan. Except Huayanhui, which is widely used in the six praises, others are the most common, such as Hanging Gold Lock, Bean Leaf Yellow, Looking at Jiangnan, Liu, Golden Brick Falling into the Well, Broken Lotus Leaf, Parasitic Grass and Langtaosha. In recent years, it is said that Buddhist music groups have been established in Beijing, Jiangxi, Tianjin, Xiamen and other places, and the tapes of China Bai Fan have been compiled and published. On the basis of traditional Brahma, we made bold innovations. Modern musical instruments, such as electronic organ, have been used in Brahma Buddhism. In today's highly developed material civilization and spiritual civilization, Brahma, an ancient Buddhist traditional culture in China, has also encountered challenges. However, with the efforts of colleagues from all walks of life such as Buddhism and music, it will be further developed and enriched and will be passed down forever.
Recite the meaning and merits of Brahma,
"Ten Odes" said: Listening to Brahma has five benefits: one is not tired, the other is not forgotten, the third is not slack, the fourth is not bad, and the fifth is happy.
According to legend, once upon a time, there was a monk who satirized "Answering the curse on the top of the Buddha". When the gods in the sky heard the sound, they knelt with their hands folded and listened until the mantra was finished, and then they got up and left.
It is recorded in Long Agama that there are five kinds of pure sounds, which are called Sanskrit sounds: First, their sounds are correct. Second, its sound is harmonious and elegant. Third, its voice is clear and clear. Fourth, its voice is deep and full. Fifth, I heard it all around.
"Hokkekyo" said: If people are amused, they can play horn shells, flutes, harps and cymbals, and if all the wonderful sounds are made, they can fully support them, or sing praises to Buddha's nature with joy, and even make subtle sounds. This has become a Buddhist doctrine.
Biography of the South China Sea: Being able to know the profound Buddha's virtue and the secondary system (being able to understand the Buddha's Dharma) can make the tongue root clean, open the chest and viscera, be fearless and live a long life without disease.
Accompanied by Bai Fan, there are chimes, jingles, hafnium, bells, drums, fish and other musical instruments. Mainly with simple wind instruments. Such as emerald yellow flowers, hanging gold locks, falling water, eight-sentence ode, quasi-mention mantra, Pu 'an mantra and so on. Among them, the Puan mantra is not only used in temples. Qin Le, Pipa Music and Orchestral Ensemble all have the same name. The whole song consists of explaining the chapter, talking about the sentence, beginning the mantra, incense and harmony.