1, transportation, energy and environment are major challenges facing the world in the 2nd1century, especially for China.
At present, there are about 800 million cars in the world. It is estimated that by 2020, the number of cars in the world will reach 654.38+02 billion, mainly from developing countries. According to the statistics of the International Energy Agency (IEA), in 200 1 year, 57% of global oil consumption was in the transportation field (of which the United States accounted for 67%). It is estimated that by 2020, transportation oil will account for more than 62% of the total global oil consumption. The U.S. Department of Energy predicts that there will be a net gap between global oil demand and conventional oil supply after 2020, and the gap between supply and demand in 2050 is almost twice the total world oil output in 2000. At the same time, traffic energy consumption is also one of the main sources of local environmental pollution and global greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, the world has reached a consensus that the transformation of transportation energy is imperative.
In recent years, China automobile industry has developed rapidly. In 2005, China's automobile production and sales exceeded 5.7 million, ranking third and second in the world respectively, and the export of self-owned brand cars and automobiles increased substantially. It is predicted that by 2020, China will become the world's largest automobile manufacturer and one of the major automobile exporters. At present, the per capita car ownership in China is still very low. In 2003, the number of cars per thousand people was only 2.5%( 19) of that of the United States, which was roughly the same as that of the United States 90 years ago. It is the country with the greatest potential in the global automobile market, and it is estimated that the number of automobiles will reach1.3 ~1.50 million in 2020. However, when China has just entered the automobile society, the proportion of automobile oil consumption in the total oil consumption (below 1/3) is still far below the world average (above 1/2), we have already felt the increasingly tight oil supply. At the same time, air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions caused by automobile fuel consumption have become more and more serious problems. China has become the second largest emitter of carbon dioxide in the world, and the international political and economic disputes caused by it will intensify. This fully shows that China's oil security and transportation energy problems will be more intense, more influential and more severe. According to the development of traditional transportation energy power system, it is unsustainable, and it is the general trend to realize the transformation of transportation energy power system in China.
2. The next 20 years will be a period of strategic opportunities for the transformation of China's transportation energy power system.
Historically, the transformation of transportation energy power system has been at the core of technological revolution and economic reform. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, coal and steam engine trains triggered the industrial revolution in Europe and opened up the industrial economy and civilization of mankind. In the 20th century, petroleum and internal combustion engine vehicles contributed to the economic take-off of the United States, brought mankind into the petroleum-based economic system and material prosperity, and also brought great challenges to the energy environment. In the 2 1 century, various new technologies of automobile energy and power, represented by alternative fuels and hybrid power, developed rapidly and competed with each other, which triggered a new technological change, indicating that mankind will enter the post-oil era transition period and the opportunity period of energy and power technology innovation breakthrough.
The main trends of this energy and power system reform are diversification of automobile energy, electrification of automobile power and cleanliness of automobile emissions: biofuels based on renewable energy have good applicability to all kinds of vehicles and become new fuels promoted in various countries; As a platform of automobile new energy and power technology, hybrid power inherits the advanced internal combustion engine technology and combines the efficient and clean electric drive mode, which not only makes full use of the existing fuel infrastructure, but also accommodates all kinds of new fuels, and has now become a milestone in the industrialization of new power vehicles; As a new type of energy conversion device, fuel cell, although there are still many technical obstacles to be overcome, is still optimistic about the world as a long-term solution for the new generation of automobile energy and power system.
The transformation of automobile energy and power technology is a long process. Hybrid power is expected to be gradually popularized in the near and medium term; The scale commercialization of fuel cell vehicles will be after 2020. Facing the medium and long-term development of automobile technology, this technological transformation period of China Automobile provides a historical opportunity for the reform of transportation energy power system in China.
One of the opportunities: China's resources and energy conditions are suitable for developing new energy transportation power system. China is short of oil, natural gas and coal, which brings severe challenges to the sustainable development of transportation energy. A variety of alternative fuels based on the characteristics of various resources can give full play to the advantages of China's vast territory and diverse resources, develop the fuel industry based on coal, agricultural energy based on biomass and various gas fuel technologies based on natural gas according to local conditions, and realize the diversification of transportation energy. At the same time, from the perspective of China's urban and rural layout, the urban model is characterized by large urban agglomerations, and the automobile fuel infrastructure is relatively concentrated, which is conducive to clean fuel management and supervision. The characteristics of primary energy resources in rural areas of China vary from region to region, which is more suitable for developing a fuel supply system with diversified primary energy sources and localized fuel production and consumption.
Opportunity 2: China has the advantage of being a latecomer and realizes the transformation of transportation energy power system. Judging from the development stage of China automobile, it has the advantage of being a latecomer. Although the governments of developed countries vigorously promote the application of various alternative fuel vehicles and the transformation to the power system of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, their traditional automobile industry is huge, the oil infrastructure is perfect, the consumption habits are difficult to change, and the cost of implementing the transformation society is high and the transformation is difficult. However, China's automobile industry has just developed, and the automobile penetration rate is low, so it has greater freedom in the strategic choice of automobile power system development. Compared with conventional vehicles, China has comparative advantages in the research and development and industrialization of new energy vehicles. If the policy is right, we can take the lead in realizing transformation in the world.
The Third Opportunity: Implementing the reform of automobile power system is an inevitable requirement for the strategic summary and development of China's successful practice of developing clean cars and electric vehicles for many years. Based on the strategic considerations of China's energy security, environmental protection and the leaping development of China's automobile industry, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the Ministry of Science and Technology, together with relevant ministries and commissions, organized and implemented the "Clean Car Action" and achieved significant phased results. At present, there are 220,000 gas vehicles and more than 700 gas filling stations in China, and 6,543,800 tons of oil are replaced every year. Moreover, natural gas vehicles show a rapid growth momentum, and it is expected that they will enter the stage of large-scale popularization and application in the next few years. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the Ministry of Science and Technology organized and implemented the "Major Science and Technology Project for Electric Vehicles", which is one of the largest science and technology projects with a national investment of 880 million yuan. More than 200 units and more than 2,000 scientific and technological backbones directly participated in the implementation, initially forming a cooperation mechanism for politics and Industry-University-Research. At present, small-scale pure electric vehicles have started small-scale industrialization, and many models of hybrid electric vehicles have passed national certification and become products, and fuel cell vehicles have entered the demonstration and evaluation stage. Self-developed fuel cells, power batteries, drive motors and electronic control systems have mass production capacity. This has laid a solid technical, talent and practical foundation for the implementation of China's automobile power transformation strategy.
Second, the strategic choice for the development of transportation energy power system in China.
Based on the challenges and opportunities faced by China's automobile energy power system, the development goal of China's automobile energy power system should be based on transformation and transform as soon as possible. However, the new automobile energy power system is inextricably linked with the existing automobile energy power system. At the same time, China's current automobile industry development and energy conservation and environmental protection problems have to be solved by the existing automobile energy and power technology. Therefore, we should choose a strategy of parallel interaction and coordinated development between "transition" and "transformation". On the one hand, develop energy-saving vehicles to solve the imminent energy security problem, on the other hand, carry out research on new energy vehicles, aim at the commanding heights of future automobile competition, and realize the sustainable development of automobile energy power system.
1, energy-saving car
Optimize the existing automobile energy power system based on petroleum and internal combustion engine, develop energy-saving vehicles, and focus on the development of direct injection internal combustion engine and its hybrid power system. Make use of the existing liquid fuel infrastructure, implement the clean strategy of gasoline and diesel, and gradually integrate with international fuel standards; Vigorously develop various synthetic fuels, especially coal-based synthetic fuels in line with China's national conditions, and mix them with gasoline and diesel to form new clean fuels.
Since 2000, the annual gasoline and diesel consumption of automobiles (including agricultural automobiles) in China accounts for about half of the total gasoline and diesel consumption in China, and the oil consumption is about 1/3. This data illustrates three problems: 1) The total consumption of automobile gasoline and diesel increases rapidly with the total consumption of oil. Considering the continuous warming of the automobile market, oil safety risks are great. 2) Compared with the international average level, the proportion of gasoline and diesel oil consumption in China's total oil consumption is low. By adjusting and optimizing the oil consumption structure, the indirect substitution of automobile fuel can be realized. Mainly through substitution, the industrial fuel with less difficulty in substitution is replaced by non-petroleum products first, and the automobile uses the original petroleum fuel. Then, under the same total fuel consumption, the fuel consumption of the whole vehicle has more than 20% room for improvement. 3) At present, the ratio of total automobile fuel consumption to car ownership in China is relatively high, that is, the automobile fuel consumption is too large, which has great energy-saving potential. In 2002, the average annual fuel consumption of equivalent bicycles in China after agricultural vehicles and motorcycles were included was about 1.5 tons, which was close to the average annual fuel consumption of bicycles in the United States in 2000, but much higher than that in France (1.2 tons) and Japan (1 ton). The average annual fuel consumption of a single vehicle depends on factors such as vehicle technology, vehicle structure, mileage and operating conditions, and has great potential for improvement in the medium and long term. According to the strategic research results of national medium-and long-term science and technology planning in the energy field, it is suggested that the goal of automobile energy conservation in China in 2020 is to control the annual fuel consumption of bicycles at around 1 ton on the premise that the number of automobiles is adjusted within10.50 billion. Compared with the present situation, the fuel saving is about 1/3, and the fuel saving potential is about 70 million tons. The total fuel consumption of automobiles should be controlled at1.5 ~ 200 million tons. In order to achieve this goal, the key energy-saving vehicle power technologies are as follows:
(1) Efficient Diesel Engine Technology
The energy-saving effect of automobile diesel engine is comparable to that of gasoline hybrid power. According to the analysis and forecast of the State Council Development Research Center, if diesel vehicles in China reach 20% of passenger cars in 2020, it will save fuel18.8 million tons in that year. Therefore, China should develop advanced diesel vehicles, but the key technical problems of emission control must be solved. It mainly includes: diesel engine electronic control technology, tail gas aftertreatment technology, clean diesel oil and alternative diesel oil technology; The electronically controlled high-pressure fuel injection system of diesel engine and the electronic management system of intelligent engine are the core key technologies of green and efficient diesel engine, which should be developed vigorously. The following strategies can be adopted for diesel engine emission control: EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) technology is mature and effective, and should be popularized as soon as possible; DPF (Particulate Filter) technology will be popularized in European diesel vehicles 20 10 years ago, and China needs to speed up its application. It is necessary to carefully select the technical route of NOx catalytic converter and attach importance to the application of SCR in commercial vehicles; Developing synthetic diesel and biodiesel is of great significance to solve the problem of diesel quantity and quality. It is necessary to vigorously develop alternative diesel technology and strive to increase the production capacity to100000 tons in 2020. According to the statistics in 2002, the total diesel consumption of agricultural vehicles in China is equivalent to that of conventional diesel vehicles. It is of great strategic significance to develop energy-saving and economical new agricultural vehicles and gradually adopt agricultural energy as fuel for automobile energy conservation and rural economic development.
(2) Energy-saving gasoline engine technology
At present, the cars in China are basically gasoline cars, and the gasoline engines currently used in cars still have more than 20% energy-saving potential. The development trend of gasoline engine energy-saving technology is that in-cylinder direct injection technology, electric auxiliary supercharging, electric valve, variable compression ratio and cylinder stop control technology will be industrialized in the next five years. Countries all over the world are deeply studying the technology of direct injection gasoline engine. Heterogeneous direct injection technology represented by Japan is facing problems such as combustion stability and aftertreatment, while homogeneous direct injection technology represented by Europe is emerging. Electric valve and cam-less engine technology are also breaking through. The electric valve has the same significance as the electronic control injection, which will bring a series of energy-saving technological changes for the engine air system control and cycle process management, such as canceling the throttle valve, variable compression ratio, partial cylinder stop and so on. At present, cars in China are mainly concentrated in big cities. In small and medium-sized cities and rural areas, motorcycles and tricycles are the main personal means of transportation, and their number has reached more than 65.438+0.2 billion. Their level of energy conservation and environmental protection needs to be improved urgently, and their upgrading trend deserves attention. It is of great energy-saving significance and market prospect to develop ultra-miniature energy-saving gasoline vehicles with China characteristics.
(3) Advanced hybrid internal combustion engine technology
The development of advanced internal combustion engines shows the trend of multi-mixing.
Mixed fuel supply: mix traditional gasoline and diesel with alternative fuels. On the basis of conventional gasoline and diesel, it will become the mainstream fuel technology to mix various alternative fuels, including alcohol ether fuel and gasoline and diesel, and carry out appropriate design.
Mixed combustion mode: homogeneous charging of gasoline engine and compression ignition of diesel engine. HCCI internal combustion engine technology is developed on the basis of fuel mixing technology and control technology, which combines the advantages of gasoline engine and diesel engine.
Output power mixing: the mixing of internal combustion engine and motor power. The new integrated high-power starting motor/generator integrated device ISG and new power supply system technology are not only the expansion and deepening of internal combustion engine electronic control technology, but also the basic module technology of complex hybrid power transmission system. Hybrid internal combustion engine is a bridge between existing automobile energy-saving and environmental protection technologies and new energy vehicle technologies.
2. New energy vehicles
Develop a new generation of automobile energy power system and develop new energy vehicles. Focus on the development of various liquid alternative fuel engines and their hybrid vehicles, and gradually transition to hybrid power using biofuel and rechargeable hybrid power; Further develop the gas fuel infrastructure with natural gas as the main body and gradually build a long-term sustainable gas fuel supply network; Based on natural gas engine, develop various gas power, especially natural gas/hydrogen internal combustion engine and its hybrid power; Develop a new generation of fuel cell engines and their hybrid power, and reach the level of scale commercialization by 2020; Vigorously promote the technical progress of power batteries and develop pure electric vehicles suitable for China's national conditions, especially miniature pure electric vehicles. Focusing on urban public transport vehicles, we will steadily promote the demonstration and commercialization of new energy vehicles from point to area.
(1) Direction and focus of automobile energy transformation
The direction of automobile energy transformation will change from oil, natural gas/coalbed methane and coal-based fuel to biomass fuel and fossil energy, nuclear energy and renewable energy for hydrogen production and power generation. From the source of resources, the main body of medium and long-term vehicle petroleum alternative fuel will come from coal-based fuel, bio-fuel and natural gas fuel. By 2020, the total amount will reach more than 30 million tons, accounting for 15% ~ 20% of the total vehicle fuel consumption, which is basically the same as the EU's expected target. From the perspective of vehicle application, there are three kinds of alternative fuels for vehicles: oxygenated fuels (alcohol/ether/ester), synthetic oil (BTL/CTL/GTL) and gaseous fuels (methane gas/synthetic gas/hydrogen gas). Oxygenated fuel technology is mature, which is the focus of popularization and application in the near future. Generally, blending is suitable. Synthetic oil is completely compatible with the existing vehicle technical system and infrastructure, and it is a high-quality environmental protection fuel. There is still a lot of room for improvement in its technology. In the medium and long term, it will become a major alternative fuel. Among gaseous fuels, methane gas is the focus in the near and medium term. Take natural gas as an example. In 2020, China's natural gas supply will exceed 654.38+0.20 billion m3. If about 654.38+00% is used in automobiles, it will replace about 6.5438+million tons of gasoline and diesel. Syngas is a hydrogen-rich gas made from various primary energy sources through gasification process. It is the raw gas of various new automobile fuels and can also be directly used as automobile fuel, which plays a key role in automobile energy conversion. Hydrogen is an environment-friendly fuel with wide sources of raw materials and zero emissions, and it is one of the strategic goals of automobile energy transformation. According to the national long-term scientific and technological development plan, China will implement the key breakthrough of hydrogen energy technology from three aspects: basic scientific research, cutting-edge technological innovation and engineering application development.
(2) Automobile power conversion and hybrid power
Automobile power system is a complete system, including fuel, engine and power transmission system. According to the life cycle analysis, the best combination of petroleum derivatives is: gasoline/diesel-internal combustion engine-hybrid power; Hydrogen fuel cells derived from natural gas and coal and their hybrid power can compete with synthetic fuel internal combustion engines and their hybrid power. In recent years, the biggest breakthrough of automobile power system is hybrid technology, which has laid a foundation for the transformation of automobile power system.
At present, the industrialization of hybrid electric vehicle with internal combustion engine is a milestone of power reform. Cars with series-parallel gasoline hybrid power system can save about 40% fuel under urban working conditions. Hybrid power also provides an effective new way for automobile emission control, especially in urban working conditions. In view of the fact that private cars in China are mainly concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, hybrid electric vehicles are very suitable for popularization and use in China. At the same time, China is a big bus country, so it is also of great significance to promote the use of hybrid electric vehicles on buses. It is necessary to learn from the development experience and business model accumulated by China's automobile industry in technological changes such as engine electronic control injection, and vigorously develop and popularize hybrid power through incentive policies such as tax incentives.
There are two technical routes worthy of attention in the future development of hybrid power in China: one is the modularization of automobile hybrid power. Through the development and combination of functional modules, the electrification of automobile power supply is gradually promoted. From "micro-hybrid power" with automatic start-stop and idle stop functions, "light hybrid power" with parallel hybrid engine as the main body, to "full hybrid power" characterized by parallel connection, with the gradual increase of the proportion of electric power, it finally transitions to series plug-in hybrid power. The second is the platformization of urban bus hybrid power system. Generator set+drive motor+energy storage device constitute the basic technical platform of hybrid power system. By switching different auxiliary power assemblies (APUs) to adapt to different energy and power conversion devices from gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines to hydrogen fuel cells, different hybrid power of oil, gas and electricity is formed, which promotes the smooth transition and conversion of power systems.
(3) The key and bottleneck of automobile energy power conversion: power battery and hydrogen fuel cell.
At present, the new power battery can't meet the requirements of automobile use. Even the foreign industrialized power battery for hybrid electric vehicles still has some problems such as high initial cost and short service life. Power battery involves three kinds of electric vehicles: hybrid, pure electric and fuel cell, so the change of power system will strongly depend on the breakthrough of battery technology. Although the industrialization of hybrid power will greatly promote the technological progress of power batteries, especially high-power power batteries, the research and development experience of vehicle power batteries in the past 30 years shows that its technological progress will be long-term, stable and gradual.
Hydrogen fuel cell system is the most efficient automobile engine, which can bring a brand-new automobile design concept. According to the statistics of IEA IEA2004, about 12% of the global public funds for energy technology research and development are invested in hydrogen fuel cells. In recent years, the fuel cell vehicle technology has developed rapidly. For example, the mass production cost of fuel cell stack has been reduced to nearly 100 USD/kW. However, the commercialization of vehicle fuel cells still faces a series of major challenges: the service life still needs to be more than doubled, and there are still major problems to be solved such as hydrogen storage and hydrogen source infrastructure. The first climax of R&D and investment in proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology for vehicles marked by low temperature membrane and carbon electrode plate has passed. A new generation of technology marked by composite reinforced high temperature film, low platinum catalyst and metal bipolar plate is emerging. The US Department of Energy released the latest technology roadmap in August 2005, and the US Congress approved to continue to increase investment in hydrogen fuel cells. The world is continuing to strive for the industrialization of fuel cells. In the competition of hydrogen fuel cell technology, China ranks second after Japan, Canada and the United States.
Generally speaking, fuel cell is a long-term solution for vehicle power system. Among them, the fuel cell city bus is expected to be the first to realize commercialization. The United States is implementing the national plan, with the goal of making fuel cell city buses account for 65,438+00% of the newly added city buses by 2065,438+05. Comparatively speaking, urban public transport has a more strategic position in China, and China's public transport industry has more international competitiveness. Fuel cell bus should be regarded as a breakthrough in the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles.
(4) The development trend and technological prospect of new energy vehicles in China.
Based on various foreign research forecasts and the technical development roadmaps of major international automobile companies and energy companies, combined with China's specific national conditions and development status, we can preliminarily look forward to the reform trend of China's automobile energy power system:
1) around 2010, with the rise of oil price, the collection of fuel tax and the international integration of emission regulations, the technological transformation of automobile energy and power system in China will have an inflection point. The climax of new energy power system automobile industrialization with hybrid power and hybrid fuel as the main body will come.
2) Around 2020, with the emergence of the gap between supply and demand of conventional oil, the implementation of CO2 policies and regulations, and the progress of new energy and power technologies such as fuel cells and power batteries, the technological transformation of China's automobile energy and power systems will be further broken, and the industrialization of fuel cell vehicles is expected to rise.
3) In the first half of the 20th century, advanced internal combustion engines and hybrid electric vehicles based on various liquid fuels and their infrastructures, gas and fuel cell vehicles based on various gas fuels and pure electric vehicles based on electric fuels and their infrastructures will coexist for a long time. Among them, advanced internal combustion engines and hybrid electric vehicles will dominate. The sum of gas, fuel cell vehicles and pure electric vehicles is expected to reach 1/3 ~ 1/2 of automobile sales around 2 1 century.
The development process of new energy and power system for automobiles in China will gradually lead the world along the road with China characteristics.
◎ There will be some special types of internal combustion engines and their hybrid vehicles, such as mild hybrid mini-cars suitable for urban conditions in China and ultra-mini gasoline vehicles suitable for regional characteristics. The fuels used in the near and medium term will mainly be gasoline and diesel, mixed with a small amount of alternative fuels. In the medium and long term, the proportion of various alternative fuels will gradually increase, and plug-in internal combustion hybrid vehicles based on biofuels will be gradually developed;
◎ Gas and fuel cell vehicles will gradually develop large-scale industrialized hydrogen fuel cell vehicles from the world's largest natural gas bus fleet and fuel cell hybrid bus fleet;
◎ Pure electric vehicles will be developed from the world's largest producer of electric bicycles (with an annual output of 6,543,800+million) and will be widely used.
Considering all kinds of risks and uncertainties in the research, development and application of new technologies, the above forecast is a relatively preliminary and rough estimate, which needs to be revised according to new progress. But this prospect can be the goal of our efforts.
Third, China should adopt scientific and technological countermeasures.
Based on the dual development strategy of "transition" and "transformation" of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, the scientific and technological countermeasures of China's automobile energy power system can follow three basic technical routes. Three-pronged, parallel interaction:
(1) Develop and popularize advanced internal combustion engines and hybrid electric vehicles, solve the urgent problems of energy conservation and environmental protection, promote the development of self-owned brand cars, and promote the technical transformation of power systems.
(2) Develop and apply alternative fuels for automobiles such as gas fuel, coal-based fuel and bio-fuel, promote the diversification of transportation energy, and promote the gradual expansion and transformation of infrastructure.
(3) Carry out R&D, demonstration and industrialization of fuel cell vehicles and pure electric vehicles, and promote technological innovation and key leap of new energy electric vehicles.
In recent years, the implementation of national key research plan, clean car action and major scientific and technological projects of electric vehicles has greatly promoted the technological transformation of energy-saving and new energy vehicles in China. According to the national medium and long-term scientific and technological development plan, we will further intensify the efforts to promote the scientific and technological innovation and industrialization of automobile energy and power in China. To this end, it is suggested that:
1) With the goal of achieving 1 100 million tons (saving 70 million tons instead of 30 million tons) in 2020, the strategy of parallel interaction and coordinated development of energy-saving and new energy vehicles will be promoted. In the market, we should focus on energy-saving vehicles, vigorously develop miniaturized, miniaturized energy-saving and environmentally-friendly domestic vehicles, implement fuel tax as soon as possible, and increase the publicity of fuel consumption laws and regulations. In terms of research and development, we should focus on new energy vehicles, seize the strategic opportunity period of technological transformation of automobile energy and power system in the next two decades, and jointly tackle key problems in Industry-University-Research to realize the leap-forward development of China's automobile industry from a big output country to a technological power.
2) Take a three-pronged approach of "substitution" (indirect substitution), "mixing" (partial substitution) and "substitution" (total substitution) to steadily develop alternative energy sources for automobiles; Vigorously develop coal-based, biomass-based and natural gas-based petroleum alternative fuels to promote the diversification of transportation energy; Continue to develop fuel, gas and electric power infrastructure, and realize the compatibility and integration of transportation energy carriers as much as possible;
3) develop three alternative fuel technologies, namely, alcohol/ether/ester oxygenated fuel, BTL/CTL/GTL synthetic oil and natural gas/synthetic gas/hydrogen fuel, and their vehicle application technologies, so as to promote the limited diversification of automobile fuels due to time and place; Liquid alternative fuel should be mainly mixed fuel, and gradually replace petroleum-based gasoline and diesel through reasonable fuel design, optimized vehicle matching and standardized oil management; Fully promote the technological innovation of vehicle fuels, especially syngas technology and hydrogen storage and transportation technology, and establish a basic technology platform for alternative fuels to adapt to the changes and transitions of alternative fuels in the process of transportation energy transformation;
4) Take advanced internal combustion engine and its hybrid power system, fuel cell engine and its hybrid power system, power battery/supercapacitor and its electric drive system as the core, carry out research on key technologies of new power system, master complete sets of intellectual property rights, and establish relevant industrial systems; Taking the industrialization of mild hybrid vehicles as the guide, we will promote the research and development and scale commercialization of various hybrid vehicles and realize the leap-forward development of independent brand vehicles; On the basis of China's unique electric bicycle industry with annual production and sales exceeding global10,000 vehicles, we will change traditional automobile cultural habits, revise relevant standards and regulations, and develop pure electric vehicles with China characteristics with mini-cars as the main body;
5) Focus on urban vehicles and increase the market development of various new energy electric vehicles. Take hybrid power as a unified platform, realize scale through platformization and serialization, and promote the commercialization of high-end technology-fuel cell vehicles through scale; Guided by policies, standards and regulations, we will promote the miniaturization of automobiles and the priority of public transportation, promote the all-round progress of transportation concepts and consumption concepts, and create a market environment for independent innovation technologies in line with China's national conditions. (The author is Professor Tsinghua University, doctoral supervisor, director of the Department of Automotive Engineering in Tsinghua University, and director of the State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy Conservation).
(From "Tsinghua people")