printing block
Civil engineering is the general name of science and technology for building various engineering facilities. Refers to the application of materials, equipment and technical activities such as survey, design, construction and maintenance; It also refers to the object of engineering construction, that is, all kinds of engineering facilities built on the ground or underground, on land or in water, which directly or indirectly serve human life, production, military affairs and scientific research, such as houses, roads, railways, transportation pipelines, tunnels, bridges, canals, dams, ports, power stations, airports, offshore platforms, water supply and drainage, protection projects, etc.
catalogue
Basic information
brief Introduction of the content
Civil engineering discipline classification (code: 08 14):
Basic attribute comprehensiveness of civil engineering
sociality
practicability
Three leaps in the history of civil engineering
Introduction to Specialty I. Basic Information of Specialty
Second, the professional comprehensive introduction
Analysis of Foreign Applications for Civil Engineering Specialty
Establishing universities with national first-class key disciplines in civil engineering.
National second-class key discipline university of civil engineering
Universities and research institutes with first-class doctoral programs in civil engineering.
First-class universities and research institutes with master's degree in civil engineering.
Universities offering courses in civil engineering.
The degree center of the Ministry of Education evaluates the ranking results of colleges and universities.
Employment direction analysis engineering technology direction
Design, planning and budget direction
Direction of quality supervision and engineering supervision
Engineering maintenance direction
Civil servants, teaching and research direction
Basic information of civil engineering prospect analysis
brief Introduction of the content
Civil engineering discipline classification (code: 08 14):
Basic attribute comprehensiveness of civil engineering
sociality
practicability
Three leaps in the history of civil engineering
Introduction to Specialty I. Basic Information of Specialty
Second, the professional comprehensive introduction
Analysis of Foreign Applications for Civil Engineering Specialty
Establishing universities with national first-class key disciplines in civil engineering.
National second-class key discipline university of civil engineering
Universities and research institutes with first-class doctoral programs in civil engineering.
First-class universities and research institutes with master's degree in civil engineering.
Universities offering courses in civil engineering.
The degree center of the Ministry of Education evaluates the ranking results of colleges and universities.
Analysis of employment direction
Engineering technology direction design, planning and budget direction quality supervision, engineering supervision direction engineering maintenance direction civil servants, teaching and scientific research direction prospect analysis Civil engineering began to edit the basic information of this paragraph.
Press: Machinery Industry Press Author: Lu Guangbin
Title: Translator:
Date of shelves: 20 10-3- 15 Date of publication: 20 10-4- 1.
Page number: version number:1-1ISBN: 97871110.
Binding: folio:
Edit the introduction of this paragraph.
This book is a new textbook of National Plan for Curriculum Reform of Secondary Vocational Education, which is compiled according to the syllabus of XXXXX secondary vocational school issued by the Ministry of Education in 2009. Let a large number of small mechanical experiments enter the mechanics course. The structure and principle of small-scale experiment simulation are simple, and it is convenient to obtain materials, make, carry and demonstrate, close to life and engineering practice, and has the advantage of qualitative analysis. Its rapid development can shorten the process of cognition, avoid the limitations of some "theoretical foundations" and form a relatively independent teaching module. It attracts people's attention because of its interest, and the process of making, debugging and demonstrating is a process of cultivating innovative spirit and practicing hands-on ability. The organic combination of experimental analysis and theoretical analysis makes it possible to improve mechanical literacy within limited teaching time. This book arranges 58 small experiments, and the attached DVD can be used for reference by teachers and students, and can also be selectively shown in class. The component box of mechanical experiment for teachers matching with the teaching materials can support teachers' classroom demonstration, and the component box for students can support students to do experiments in their own seats. Let a large number of pictures and video materials enter the mechanics course. The civil engineering structure in the diagram is abstracted into calculation diagram and experimental model; From the pictures of civil engineering, isolate the research object and draw the stress diagram; Prove the mechanical characteristics and reasonable form of the structure with pictures, and reflect the history and latest achievements of civil engineering development with pictures. Therefore, the course of mechanics is more closely related to engineering practice. High-speed photography technology can clearly show the deformation effect and motion effect of force at the same time, highlighting the basic principle that runs through one aspect of mechanics course. The teaching content is comprehensive. Mechanics course and mathematics course are integrated, which integrates the contents of mechanics course, reduces some "new" understandings and some "rules", organically organizes basic training, and makes theoretical analysis concise and basic training simple and smooth. Directory Introduction 0. 1 Civil Engineering and Mechanics 0.2 Research Object of Civil Engineering Mechanics Foundation 0.3 Tasks of Civil Engineering Mechanics Foundation 0.4 Basic Methods of Civil Engineering Mechanics Foundation Chapter 65438 Force and Stress Diagram 1 Basic Knowledge of Force 1.2 Statics Axiom 1.3 Calculation Diagram and Reality of Structural Test Model/KLOC-. .4 Trying to Balance the Plane Force System in Chapter II 2. 1 Projected Couple 2.5 Balance of the Plane General Force System Chapter III Basic Stress and Deformation Forms of Axial Tension and Compression Straight Rod 3. 1 3.2 Combined deformation of bar 3.3 Internal force of axial tension and compression straight bar 3. 4 Normal stress of axial tension and compression straight bar section 3.5 Strength calculation of axial tension and compression straight bar 3.6 Deformation of axial tension and compression straight bar 3.7 Application of axial tension and compression straight bar in engineering Chapter IV Bending of straight beam 4. 1 Form of beam 4.2 Internal force of beam 4.3 Internal force diagram of beam 4.4 Normal stress intensity condition of beam 4.5 Displacement of beam 4.6 Application of straight beam bending knowledge 5 Chapter 5 Stability of members of compression structure 5. 1 Stability of equilibrium state of compression bar 5.2 Factors affecting stability of compression bar 5.3 Stability of compression bar Chapter 6 Brief introduction of common structures in engineering 6. 1 Geometric composition analysis of plane structure 6.2 Reasonable form of structure 6.3 Anchorage 6.4 Suspension
Edit the civil engineering specialty classification in this section (code: 08 14):
08 140 1 geotechnical engineering 08 1402 structural engineering 08 1403 municipal engineering 08 1404 heating, gas supply, ventilation and air conditioning engineering 08 1405 disaster prevention and mitigation engineering and protection engineering 08/kloc.
Edit the basic properties of civil engineering in this section.
Civil engineering has the following three basic attributes.
comprehensiveness
The construction of an engineering facility generally goes through three stages: survey, design and construction, which requires the use of engineering geological survey and geological survey.
Hydrogeological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, construction economics and other disciplines, as well as knowledge in construction technology, construction organization and other fields, as well as computer and mechanical testing technology. Therefore, civil engineering is a comprehensive subject, involving a wide range. With the progress of science and technology and the development of engineering practice, the discipline of civil engineering has also developed into a comprehensive system with wide connotation, numerous categories and complex structure. For example, as far as the functions of engineering facilities built by civil engineering are concerned, some of them are used for living and even as "buried underground" graves; Some are used as places for production activities; Some are used for land, sea and air transportation; Some are used for water conservancy; Some are used as tools for information transmission; Some are used as a means of energy transfer and so on. This requires that civil engineering should make comprehensive use of various material conditions to meet various needs. Civil engineering has developed many branches, such as housing engineering, railway engineering, road engineering, airport engineering, bridge engineering, tunnel and underground engineering, special engineering structure, water supply and drainage engineering, urban heating and gas supply engineering, port engineering, water conservancy engineering and other disciplines. Some branches, such as hydraulic engineering, have been separated from civil engineering and become independent subject systems due to the increasing number of their own engineering objects and the development of specialized science and technology, but they still have the characteristics of civil engineering to a great extent.
sociality
Civil engineering [1] is developed with the development of human society. The engineering facilities it built reflect the development of social economy, culture and science and technology in various historical periods, so civil engineering has become one of the witnesses of social and historical development. In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and ditches to meet the needs of simple life and production. Later, people went to the Colosseum in Rome.
In order to meet the needs of war, production and life and religious communication, cities, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings have been built. Many famous engineering facilities show the creativity of human beings in this historical period. For example, the Great Wall in China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, the wooden pagodas in Zhao Zhouqiao and Yingxian, the Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Greece, the water supply project in Rome, the Colosseum in Rome, and many other famous churches and palaces. After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, society put forward new demands for civil engineering; On the other hand, all fields of society have created good conditions for the progress of civil engineering. For example, the realization of industrial production of building materials (steel, cement), the progress of machinery and energy technology and design theory have provided material and technical support for civil engineering. Therefore, civil engineering in this period has developed by leaps and bounds. Large-scale modern industrial workshops, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, large-diameter transportation pipelines, long tunnels, grand canals, dams, big airports, big seaports and marine projects have emerged all over the world. Modern civil engineering constantly creates a brand-new material environment for human society and becomes an important part of modern civilization of human society.
practicability
Civil engineering is a practical subject. Early civil engineering was developed through engineering practice, summing up successful experiences, especially drawing lessons from failures. Starting from the17th century, modern mechanics, led by Galileo and Newton, combined with civil engineering practice, and gradually formed material mechanics, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics and rock mechanics as the basic theoretical disciplines of civil engineering. Only in this way can civil engineering gradually develop from experience to science. In the development of civil engineering, engineering practical experience often precedes theory and structural mechanics.
Accidents often show unpredictable new factors, which lead to the research and development of new theories. So far, the treatment of many engineering problems still depends on practical experience to a great extent. There are two reasons why the development of civil engineering technology mainly depends on engineering practice rather than scientific experiments and theoretical research: First, some objective conditions are too complicated to carry out indoor experiments or field tests and theoretical analysis truthfully. For example, the stress and deformation of foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and their changes with time still need to be analyzed and judged with reference to engineering experience. Second, only by carrying out new engineering practice can new problems be revealed. For example, high-rise buildings, towering towers and long-span bridges have been built, and the problems of wind resistance and earthquake resistance of the project are prominent, so new theories and technologies in this field can be developed. Unity of technology, economy and architectural art People strive to build an engineering facility in the most economical way to meet the predetermined needs of users, including aesthetic requirements. The economy of the project is closely related to various technical activities. The economy of the project is firstly manifested in the site selection and overall planning of the project, and secondly in the design and construction technology. The total investment of the project construction, the economic benefit after the completion of the project and the maintenance cost during the use period are all important aspects to measure the project economy. These technical problems are closely related and need comprehensive consideration. As a kind of space art, civil engineering facilities that meet the functional requirements are first expressed through the overall layout, their body shape, the size ratio of each part, lines, colors, light and dark shadows and the surrounding environment, including their harmony with natural scenery; Secondly, it is reflected by the local decoration attached to the engineering facilities. The modeling and decoration of engineering facilities can also reflect local style, national style and times style. A successful and beautiful engineering facility can add beauty to the surrounding scenery and the appearance of the town, giving people beautiful enjoyment; On the contrary, it will destroy the environment. In the long-term civil engineering practice, people not only pay great attention to architectural art, but also have made outstanding achievements; In addition, for other engineering facilities, by using different building materials, such as stone, steel and reinforced concrete, many projects with beautiful art and good functions are in harmony with the natural environment. The Great Wall of Wan Li in ancient China, many TV towers in the modern world and Zhang Qiao are all examples. Civil engineering is the general name of science and technology for building various engineering facilities. Refers to the application of materials, equipment and technical activities such as survey, design, construction and maintenance; It also refers to the object of engineering construction, that is, all kinds of engineering facilities built on the ground or underground, on land or in water, which directly or indirectly serve human life, production, military affairs and scientific research, such as houses, roads, railways, transportation pipelines, tunnels, bridges, canals, dams, ports, power stations, airports, offshore platforms, water supply and drainage, protection projects, etc. airport
The material basis of engineering facilities construction is land, building materials, building equipment and construction machinery. With the help of these material conditions, it is the starting point and destination of civil engineering to economically and conveniently build engineering facilities that can not only meet people's use requirements and aesthetic requirements, but also safely withstand various loads.
Edit this three leaps in the history of civil engineering.
Civil engineering plays a key role in the development of civil engineering, first of all, civil building materials are the material basis of engineering, followed by the corresponding developed design theory and construction technology. Whenever new excellent building materials appear, civil engineering will advance by leaps and bounds. In the early days, people could only rely on natural materials such as soil and wood to engage in construction activities. Later, artificial building materials such as bricks and tiles appeared, which made mankind break through the shackles of natural building materials for the first time. China made ceramic tiles in the early Western Zhou Dynasty in BC 1 1 century. The earliest bricks appeared in the tombs of the Warring States Period from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC. The mechanical properties of brick and tile are superior to that of soil, which can be obtained from local materials and easy to process. With the appearance of bricks and tiles, people began to build houses and urban defense projects on a large scale. Therefore, civil engineering technology has developed rapidly. Until 18 ~ 19 century, brick and tile, as an important building material in civil engineering, has a history of more than 2,000 years, which has made great contributions to human civilization and is even widely used at present. The wide application of steel is the second leap in civil engineering. Pig iron was used in the 1970s, and wrought iron was used to build bridges and houses in the early 9th century, which was the prelude to the appearance of steel structures. Since the middle of19th century, the metallurgical industry has smelted and rolled steel for construction with high tensile and compressive strength, good ductility and uniform quality.
Building steel, and then producing high-strength steel wire and cable. So the steel structure that meets the needs of development has flourished. In addition to the application of the original beam-arch structure, the emerging truss, frame, grid structure and suspended cable structure are gradually popularized, and the structural forms are in full bloom. The span of buildings has developed from several meters and dozens of meters of brick structure, stone structure and wood structure to hundreds and hundreds of meters of steel structure, until the modern 1000 meters. So bridges were built on the great rivers and straits, skyscrapers and towering iron towers were built on the ground, and even railways were laid underground, creating an unprecedented miracle. In order to meet the needs of steel structure engineering development, on the basis of Newtonian mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics and engineering structure design theory came into being. The theory of construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design has also developed, and civil engineering has risen from experience to science, and has a new look in engineering practice and basic theory, thus promoting the more rapid development of civil engineering. 1In the 1920s, after Portland cement was made, concrete came out. Concrete aggregate can be obtained from local materials, and concrete components are easy to form, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, so its use is limited. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, the output of steel increased sharply, followed by the emergence of reinforced concrete, a new type of composite building material. Steel bears tension and concrete bears pressure, giving full play to their respective advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete has been widely used in various fields of civil engineering. Since 1930s, prestressed concrete has appeared. The crack resistance, stiffness and bearing capacity of prestressed concrete structures are much higher than those of reinforced concrete structures, so they are more widely used. Civil engineering has entered a historical period in which reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete are dominant. The appearance of concrete has brought new economic and beautiful engineering structure forms to buildings and new construction technology and engineering structure design theory to civil engineering. This is another leap development of civil engineering.
Edit this professional introduction
This major studies the basic theories and knowledge of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical mechanics and municipal engineering. It mainly trains high-level engineering talents who are engaged in technical work and research work such as planning, survey, design, construction and maintenance of railways, highways, airports and houses, bridges, tunnels and underground projects. Graduates can engage in the teaching, design and research of structural mechanics in universities, design departments and scientific research units.
Can also be engaged in technical work in management, operation, construction, real estate development and other departments.
First, the professional basic situation
1, training objectives This major cultivates and grasps the basic theories and knowledge of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical mechanics and municipal engineering, and has the ability to engage in project planning, design, research and development, construction and management of civil engineering, and can engage in technical or technological work in the design, research, construction, education, management, investment and development departments of housing construction, underground construction, tunnels, roads, bridges and mines. 2. Training requires this major to master the basic theories and knowledge of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical mechanics and municipal engineering, have the ability to engage in the planning, design, research and development, construction and management of civil engineering projects, and be able to engage in technical or managerial work in the design, research, construction, education, management, investment and development departments of housing construction, underground construction, tunnels, roads, bridges and mines. Students majoring in this major mainly study the basic theories of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical mechanics and municipal engineering, train in course design, experimental instrument operation and field practice, and have the basic ability to engage in civil engineering planning, design, research, construction and management. Graduates should have the following knowledge and abilities: ◆ Have a solid foundation in natural science and understand the main aspects and application prospects of contemporary science and technology; Master the basic theories of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics and geotechnical mechanics, master the basic knowledge of engineering planning and selection, engineering materials, structural analysis and design, foundation treatment, and master the basic technologies of construction machinery, electrician, engineering measurement and test, construction technology and organization; Have the basic ability of engineering drawing, computer application, the use of main tests and test instruments, and the preliminary ability of comprehensively using various means (including foreign language tools) to query data and obtain information; ◆ Understand the main laws and regulations of civil engineering; Have the preliminary ability of engineering design, test, construction, management and research. 3. The main disciplines are mechanics, civil engineering and hydraulic engineering. 4. The main courses include material mechanics, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, building materials, concrete structure and steel structure, building structure, bridge structure, underground structure, road survey and design, subgrade and pavement structure, construction technology and management. 5. Practical teaching includes cognitive practice, surveying practice, engineering geology practice, professional practice or production practice, structural course design, graduation design or graduation thesis, etc. 6. The research period is 4 years. 7. Degree: Bachelor of Engineering. 8, the original professional mine construction, construction engineering, urban construction (part), civil engineering, traffic civil engineering, industrial equipment installation engineering, hotel engineering, foreign-related construction engineering.
Second, the professional comprehensive introduction
Civil engineering is very special and systematic. Because the structures designed and built by civil engineers are almost unique, it is impossible to have two identical buildings. Although some buildings look the same, the site conditions (foundation, wind load, earthquake load, etc. ) The buildings are different. Large buildings such as dams, bridges or tunnels are completely different from each other. Therefore, civil engineers should be ready to deal with new and complicated situations at any time. At the same time, there are many related factors to be considered in the project, and any negligence in the design will lead to the failure of the project. On the other hand, with the development and perfection of computer technology, the calculation work in civil engineering construction becomes more and more convenient and fast. Therefore, it is no problem for any science student who is interested in engineering to apply for civil engineering, especially those who consider the problem comprehensively and systematically. Choosing to study civil engineering can give full play to their personal talents. From the market demand, China's infrastructure construction is in the ascendant, and long-span structures and super-high-rise projects have been established. This situation will not change much in the next few decades. This requires a large number of high-quality architectural talents to participate. At the same time, China's current construction management level is very backward, and a group of talents who can improve the construction management level are urgently needed. Take real estate as an example. At present, real estate is extremely hot, but the training of professionals has just started, and senior talents in this area are still rare in the market. In terms of going abroad, there is still a distance compared with electronics and computers. In fact, the prospect of domestic construction industry is bright at present, so it is good and practical to consider staying in this industry in China. With the expansion of civil engineering scale, and the subsequent development of construction tools, equipment and machinery to a variety, automation and large-scale, construction is becoming more and more mechanized and automated. At the same time, organization and management began to apply the theory and method of system engineering, which became more and more scientific. The construction of some engineering facilities continues to tend to the standardization of structures and components and the industrialization of production. This can not only reduce the cost, shorten the construction period, improve labor productivity, but also solve the construction problems under special conditions, thus building projects that were difficult to construct in the past. The major of civil engineering is a discipline that studies, designs and builds industrial and civil buildings, tunnels and underground buildings, highways and urban roads, bridges and other engineering facilities by using basic scientific knowledge such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and computer information science, technical scientific knowledge such as mechanics and materials, and corresponding engineering technical knowledge. Training objectives: this major trains students to have solid basic knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, computer technology and other natural sciences, and master the basic theories and knowledge of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics and geotechnical mechanics; Master the basic knowledge and methods of engineering planning and selection, engineering materials, engineering survey, descriptive geometry and engineering drawing, structural analysis and design, basic engineering and foundation treatment, modern construction technology of civil engineering, engineering inspection and test. Understand the basic principles and methods of engineering disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as the basic knowledge of construction equipment and civil engineering machinery. Have the ability to comprehensively use various means to query and obtain information; Having the ability to conduct civil engineering survey and design economically, reasonably, safely and reliably; Have the preliminary ability to solve construction technical problems, prepare construction organization design, carry out project management and engineering economic analysis; Have the preliminary ability to carry out engineering inspection and reliability evaluation of engineering quality; Have the preliminary ability to apply computer to aided design and management; Have the initial ability to engage in scientific research, technological innovation and technological development in the field of civil engineering. Become a senior engineer who can engage in technical or management work in the design, construction, management, consultation, supervision, research, education, investment and development departments of housing construction, tunnels and underground buildings, highways and urban roads and bridges. Main courses: engineering mathematics, civil engineering survey, civil engineering materials, descriptive geometry and engineering drawing, material mechanics, structural mechanics, elasticity mechanics, fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, concrete structure design principles, steel structure design principles, bridge engineering, road survey and design, subgrade and pavement engineering, civil engineering construction and organization, civil engineering professional English, etc. Graduation destination: I can engage in technical and management work in construction functional departments of government agencies, infrastructure management departments of government agencies, industrial and mining enterprises and institutions, architectural and municipal engineering design institutes, civil engineering research institutes, construction enterprises such as buildings, highways and bridges, engineering quality supervision stations, engineering construction supervision departments, public works maintenance departments of railway bureaus, real estate companies, engineering cost consulting institutions, banks and investment consulting institutions. Or you can get a master's degree in structural engineering, disaster prevention and mitigation and protection engineering, road and railway engineering, bridge and tunnel engineering, geotechnical engineering, engineering mechanics and other disciplines; Or obtain the qualifications of registered structural engineer, registered architect, registered civil engineer, registered supervision engineer and registered cost engineer in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.
Edit this paragraph to apply for foreign civil engineering professional analysis.
This major has relatively loose background requirements for applicants. After GRE and TOEFL scores reach the school's hard standards, professional research background is the key to determine the success or failure of the application. Professors in schools usually do projects. Of course, it is hoped that the applicant will have some research experience in order to be helpful in the laboratory in the future. Relevant work experience and research experience play an important role in the application. But the work experience should match the major you are applying for. Generally speaking, the application for civil engineering is not the most difficult in engineering, but it is not easy to enter a prestigious school because there are a large number of applicants with work experience to join the competition. Therefore, in addition to keeping the hardware conditions such as GPA, TOEFL and GRE up to standard as much as possible, it is best for applicants to determine their own direction at least one year before applying, make their own plans in advance, improve their internship or scientific research background, or enhance their soft background by participating in professional activities such as structural competitions. [2]