Topographic map of Guizhou province

Guizhou landform belongs to the mountainous area of southwest plateau in China. The territory is high in the west and low in the east. It slopes from the middle to the north, east and south, with an average elevation of about 1 100 meters. There are many mountains in Guizhou Plateau, which is known as "eight mountains, one water and one field".

The landform of the whole province can be divided into four basic types: plateau, mountain, hill and basin, of which mountain and hill account for 92.5%. The territory is mountainous, mountainous and undulating, with high mountains and deep valleys. There is Dalou Mountain in the north, which is inclined from west to northeast in the north. The elevation of Loushan Pass, the key pass of Sichuan and Guizhou, is1444m. South-central Miao Ling spans, with the main peak Leigong Mountain 2178m above sea level. There is Wuling Mountain in the northeast, winding from Hunan to Guizhou, and the main peak, Fan Jingshan, is 2572 meters high. The towering Wumeng Mountain in the west belongs to Jiucaiping, Zhu Shi Township, Hezhang County, with an altitude of 2900.6 meters, which is the highest point in Guizhou.

Shuikou River in Diping Township, Liping County, Qiandongnan Prefecture, at the provincial boundary, is 147.8 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point in China. The karst landform in Guizhou is very typical. The karst landform area is 109084 square kilometers, accounting for 6 1.9% of the total land area of the province. Karst is widely distributed in China, with complete morphological types and obvious geographical distribution, which constitutes a special karst ecosystem. [5]

climate

Wan Fenglin in Xingyi, Guizhou.

Guizhou has a warm and humid climate, which belongs to subtropical humid monsoon climate. The temperature doesn't change much, it is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the climate is pleasant. In 2002, the average annual temperature in Guiyang, the provincial capital, was 65438 04.8℃, 0.3℃ higher than the previous year. From the perspective of the whole province, the average temperature in Leng Yue (65438+ 10) is usually 3℃ ~ 6℃, which is higher than other areas in the same latitude. The average temperature in the hottest month (July) is generally 22℃ ~ 25℃, which is a typical cool area in summer. There is more precipitation, obvious rainy season, more cloudy days and less sunshine.

In 2002, Xingyi City had the most precipitation, which was1480 mm, among the nine cities. The least is Bijie City, which is 687.9mm ... The precipitation affected by monsoon is mostly concentrated in summer. The number of cloudy days in all parts of China generally exceeds 150 days, and the relative humidity is above 70% all the year round.

Affected by atmospheric circulation and topography, Guizhou has a diverse climate. "One mountain is divided into four seasons, and ten miles are different." In addition, the climate is unstable, there are many kinds of disastrous weather, and drought, autumn wind, freezing and hail occur frequently, which is very harmful to agricultural production. [5]

hydrology

Valley (16)

Rivers in Guizhou are located in the ecotone between the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, and 69 counties belong to the Yangtze River Shelterbelt Reserve, which is an important ecological barrier between the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. The water system of the whole province is divided into three parts: the west and the middle to the north, the east and the south.

Miaoling is the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, belonging to the Yangtze River Basin in the north, with a basin area of 1 15747 square kilometers, accounting for 66. 1% of the province's land area. The main rivers are Wujiang River, Chishui River, Qingshui River, Hongzhou River, Wuyang River, Jinjiang River, Songtao River, Songkan River, Niulan River and Hengjiang River. South of Miaoling belongs to the Pearl River Basin, with a basin area of 60,420 square kilometers, accounting for 35.0% of the province's land area. The main rivers are Nanpanjiang, Beipanjiang, Hongshui River, Duliujiang River and Dagou River. [6]

natural resource

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mineral

Guizhou karst landform (1 1 Zhang)

Guizhou is rich in mineral resources and is a famous province with large mineral resources. By the end of 2002, more than 1 10 minerals have been discovered in Guizhou province, among which 76 have been proved, and many of them are in the forefront of the country, including mercury, barite, fertilizer sandstone, metallurgical sandstone, decorative diabase and brick sandstone. Phosphorus is the first, followed by bauxite and rare earth. In the third place are magnesium, manganese and gallium. In addition, coal, antimony, gold and pyrite occupy an important position in China. With large coal reserves, complete coal types and excellent coal quality, it is known as the "Jiangnan Coal Sea", with a reserve of 49.227 billion tons at the end of 2002; Bauxite reserves are 424 million tons; The reserves of phosphate rock are 2.695 billion tons, accounting for more than 40% of the country; Barite reserves are one-third of the country; Gold reserves rank 12 in China, and it is a new gold production base in China. [6]

Guizhou is known as the "Southwest Coal Sea", with a coal resource reserve of 49.728 billion tons, ranking fifth in the country, exceeding the sum of South 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Coal is not only abundant, but also complete in variety and excellent in quality, which has laid a solid foundation for the development of thermal power and the implementation of "power transmission from west to east" and provided resource conditions for the implementation of coal chemical industry and "coal-to-oil" project.

vitality

Xingyi Feng Wan Lake

There are many rivers in Guizhou, including 984 rivers with a length of 10 km.

In 2002, the river runoff in Guizhou Province reached 65.438+0.65438+0.452 billion cubic meters. The mountainous features of rivers in Guizhou are obvious. The upper reaches of most rivers have wide valleys, gentle water flow and small water volume. The middle reaches of the valley are staggered into bundles, and the water is fast; The downstream valley is deep and narrow, with a large amount of water and abundant hydraulic resources. The reserve of hydropower resources is18.745 million kilowatts, ranking sixth in the country, of which the exploitable amount is16.833 million kilowatts, accounting for 4.4% of the national total. There are many river sections with concentrated water level drop, and the development conditions are superior.

land

The land resources in Guizhou Province are mainly mountains and hills, with few plains. The mountainous area is 108740 square kilometers, accounting for 6 1.7% of the total land area of Guizhou province, and the hilly area is 54 197 square kilometers, accounting for 3 1. 1% of the total land area of Guizhou province. Pingba mountain area 13230 square kilometers, accounting for only 7.5% of the total land area in Guizhou Province. There are not many land resources available for agricultural development. Due to the increase of population and non-agricultural land, the area of cultivated land is shrinking. At the end of 2002, the actual cultivated land area in Guizhou Province was1769,400 hectares, a decrease of 62,900 hectares compared with 2006, and the per capita cultivated land area was less than 0.05 hectares, far below the national average. The proportion of cultivated land with thick soil layer, high fertility and good water conservancy conditions is low.

biology

There are more than 0/000 species of wild animal resources in Guizhou Province, among which Guizhou snub-nosed monkey, langur, South China tiger, clouded leopard, leopard, white zygomatic, Hei He, black-necked crane, Chinese merganser, golden eagle, white-tailed sea eagle, white-headed crane and python/0/4 species are listed as national first-class protected animals, accounting for the same kind in China. There are 69 species of national second-class protected animals, mainly pangolin, black bear, otter, civet, forest musk deer, golden pheasant with red belly, white crowned pheasant, golden pheasant with red belly and so on. , accounting for 25.7% of the total number of similar animals in China.

golden monkey

The forest coverage rate in Guizhou Province is 50%, and the total standing stock is 265.438 billion cubic meters. There are 70 species of rare plants listed in the national list of rare and endangered protected plants, and 4 species, such as Taxodium ascendens, Davidia involucrata, Taiwania flousiana and Alsophila spinulosa, are national first-class protected plants, accounting for 50% of the total number of similar plants in China. There are 27 species of second-class protected plants, accounting for18.9% of the total number of similar plants in China; There are 39 species of third-class protected plants, accounting for 19.2% of the total number of similar plants in China. There are more than 3,800 kinds of wild plant resources in the province, including more than 3,700 kinds of medicinal plant resources, accounting for 80% of the varieties of Chinese herbal medicines. It is one of the four major Chinese herbal medicine producing areas in China.

There are six rare plants with good quality, which have certain influence at home and abroad, such as Panax japonicus, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Pteris Pteris, Cordyceps sinensis, Coptis cinerea, Blumea balsamifera (natural borneol) and so on. In addition, Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium, Eucommia ulmoides, Magnolia Officinalis, Evodia rutaecarpa, Cortex Phellodendri, Radix Codonopsis, Polygonum Multiflori, Hedyotis Diffusae, Asparagus, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Platycodi, Galla Chinensis, Pinellia ternata, Wan Lei, Radix Adenophorae, ice hockey seed, Polygonatum sibiricum, Ganoderma lucidum, and Folium Artemisiae Argyi all have the reputation of authentic medicinal materials.

Among the wild economic plant resources, there are about 600 kinds of industrial plants, mainly fiber, tanning materials, aromatic oil and grease plant resources; There are about 500 kinds of edible plants, mainly vitamins, protein, starch and oil plants. About 200 kinds of garden plants can be used for greening and beautifying the environment, which has ornamental value; There are more than 40 kinds of environmental protection plants with anti-pollution ability. Guizhou is rich in crops and plants, and has cultivated nearly 600 varieties of cash crops such as grain crops, oil crops and fiber plants. Grain crops are mainly rice, corn, wheat and potatoes, and cash crops are mainly flue-cured tobacco and rape. Economic trees mainly include tung tree, camellia oleifera, tallow, sumac, walnut and so on. Dafang Raw Lacquer and Liu Ma Tung Oil are famous specialties in Guizhou. There are more than 30 major livestock breeds and more than 2,500 excellent forage resources in the province, which have good conditions for the development of animal husbandry. [5]

In 20 14, there were a total of forest system nature reserves 13 at or above the provincial level, including 7 at the national level and 6 at the provincial level.