China people's own pinyin movement began with the movement of character segmentation in the late Qing Dynasty.
After the Opium War, China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The enthusiasm of saving the nation and rejuvenating China has inspired some patriotic intellectuals to put forward the idea of saving the country through education. Liang Qichao, Shen Xue, Lu Yanshao and Wang Zhao all pointed out that the difficulty of Chinese characters is the reason why education cannot be popularized. As a result, a "phonetic notation movement" was launched.
Liang Qichao pointed out in the preface to Shen Shi's phonology, "Is the country evil or strong? Man's wisdom is powerful, but is man's evil wisdom? Read as much as you can, and when you study, the people have wisdom. " Shen dui said: "the strength of European countries ... has the harmony of Rome." When people are good at reading, they are easy to understand, considerate, analyze advantages and disadvantages, unite from top to bottom, and talk about prosperity. " Lu Taizhang said: "Knowing Chinese by pronunciation, ... the whole country can read and understand. How can the country be poor?" How do people fish? "Wang Zhao said," gentlemen, let's all be strong. See what China has become? " "China government must attach importance to lower education, and to get rid of the obstacles of lower education, it is necessary to formulate a written communication language, so that words and texts can be integrated. "
Lu Taizhang (1854- 1928) was the first person to create pinyin characters in China. 1892 published "A glimpse of the first stage" in Xiamen, and published "China Zhuyin New Words" created by him. He used Latin letters and their variants to spell Xiamen sounds, which have both phonology and phonology, written horizontally left and right, with initials on the right, finals on the left, nasal and tone symbols. After adding initials, he can also spell Quanzhou and Chaozhou sounds. In his view, Chinese characters are "or the most difficult words in the world today", while the new words with pronunciation cuts are "all words can be read by yourself without being taught by teachers", thus "saving more than ten years and focusing on arithmetic, geography, chemistry and all kinds of practical knowledge, why not? Make the country rich and strong!" Lu Taizhang did not demand the abolition of Chinese characters, but advocated "the juxtaposition of segmented characters and Chinese characters". Later, he compiled the textbook "China Alphabet Beijing Qie Yin" and "China Alphabet Beijing Qie Yin Book", spelling Mandarin with Qie Yin.
After Lu Taizhang's "At a glance, the first stage", a 20-year phonetic notation movement began. Almost every one or two years, there are new schemes for word segmentation, such as Wu Jingheng's quick word of bean sprouts, Cai Xiyong's quick word of phonology, Shen Xue's prosperous vowels, Wang's phonetic alphabet, Wang Zhao's synonyms in Putonghua, and Lao Naixuan's newly added synonyms. Most of these phonetic schemes are phonetic symbol-phonetic symbol-double spelling Chinese character stroke schemes, and most of them are only studied in a small range and have not been widely implemented. Only Wang Zhao's Mandarin alphabet and Lao Naixuan's homophonic simplified characters are widely practiced.
Wang Zhao (1859- 1933) took part in the Reform Movement of 1898 and fled to Japan after failing. Inspired by Japanese pseudonyms, he began to draw up Chinese phonetic alphabet, and returned to China secretly in 1900, and published "Mandarin Chorus Alphabet" under the pen name "Poor People in Central Shandong" and based on Chinese character strokes. He said: "Beijing dialect is the most convenient to promote, so it is called Mandarin; The official is public, and if it is public, it is necessary to choose a large number. " He does not advocate the abolition of Chinese characters. He said, "Those who study hard and have leisure time might as well study Chinese for ten years", and "China proverbs go hand in hand and subsidize each other, and more benefits will be gained". 1903, Wang Zhao founded the "Mandarin Alphabet School" in Beijing. In order to obtain legal status, he surrendered himself to the prison. After he was released from prison, he made every effort to promote his own Mandarin alphabet. "In ten years, he persevered and spread to thirteen provinces", and his spirit was admirable.
Lao Naixuan (1842- 192 1) is a phonologist. He actively supported Wang Zhao's plan, supplemented dialect letters on the basis of mandarin letters, and made plans to visit Nanjing, Suzhou, Fujian, Guangdong and other places, collectively known as "homophonic simplified characters". The achievement of popularizing this kind of "simplified phonetic characters" is very remarkable. "Once illiterate women can read books and newspapers, they can write letters. If blind people can suddenly see them, their joy is almost indescribable."
Although the creators don't want to use it instead of Chinese characters, they hope that the phonetic symbols can be used in parallel with Chinese characters. However, their wishes have not come true.
The phonetic symbol schemes put forward in the phonetic symbol movement are varied and dazzling, which can be roughly summarized into three systems:
(1) Kana system: Imitate Japanese kana and use Chinese radical as phonetic symbol. 1892 The New Phonetic Characters of China proposed in Lu Taizhang's At a Glance, and the Phonetic Characters of Mandarin written by 190 1 Wang Zhao all belong to pseudonyms.
(2) shorthand system: shorthand symbols are used as pinyin symbols. The schemes proposed in Cai Xiyong's Zhuyin Kuaizi, Shen Xue's Vowel in the Prosperous Age and Wang Pinyin's Zipu published by 1896 to 1897 all belong to the shorthand system.
③ Latin system: Latin letters are used as phonetic symbols. Zhu's Jiangsu New Alphabet 1906, Liu Mengyang's China Phonetic Alphabet 1908, Jiang's Tongzi, and Huang's Latin Hypothesis 1909 all belong to Latin school.
19 13 February, a unified pronunciation conference was held in Beijing. The main task of the meeting is to "examine and approve the national pronunciation of all characters" and "select letters". The meeting lasted more than three months. At this meeting, the pronunciations of 6,500 Chinese characters were examined and approved, and the "national standard pronunciations" were determined by voting of provincial representatives. A set of 39-character phonetic symbols has been developed. This alphabet uses Chinese strokes, the letters are selected from ancient Chinese characters, and the syllables adopt the triple spelling system of initials, finals and tones. The reverse spelling of double spelling is improved, and its purpose is only to mark the pronunciation of Chinese characters, not to be used as pinyin characters. This set of phonetic symbols was later reduced to 37 letters (initial 12, vowel 13, intermediary 3), which is almost half of the letters in the double spelling phonetic scheme.
The conference held a heated debate on the role and position of phonetic symbols, and finally decided that the role of phonetic symbols is for phonetic chinese characters, and it cannot be used side by side with Chinese characters. Li jinxi clearly pointed out that the function of Pinyin is to "serve and rely on Chinese characters".
After the phonetic symbol was passed, it was shelved for five years before it was officially announced by the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government on 19 18. During 1920, "Putonghua Workshop" and "Summer Putonghua Workshop" were set up all over the country to promote pinyin letters. Classical Chinese classes in primary schools all over the country have been changed to vernacular Chinese classes, and primary school textbooks have used phonetic symbols to annotate Chinese new words. Beijing has also set up a phonetic book and newspaper office, printed and popularized phonetic books, and also run a phonetic newspaper. From 1920 to 1958, phonetic symbols have been used in China for nearly 40 years. This has played a great role in unifying the pronunciation of Chinese characters, popularizing Putonghua and popularizing pinyin knowledge. 1930, some senior officials thought that the name of "phonetic symbol" was not pleasant to listen to, and changed it to "phonetic symbol" to emphasize the characters that are not juxtaposed with Chinese characters.
Zhou Enlai spoke highly of the role of Pinyin in the current task of Chinese character reform. He said: "Phonetic symbols came into being after the Revolution of 1911, which is the first set of phonetic symbols officially published by the state and widely promoted in primary and secondary schools in China. Phonetic symbols have made some contributions to literacy education and phonetic unification. Although there are still many shortcomings in phonetic symbols today (for example, phonetic symbols, as the foundation of ethnic minorities and a tool to promote international cultural exchanges, are obviously far less than Latin letters), we should affirm its achievements in history. For the phonetic symbol movement in the past forty years, phonetic symbols have also played a pioneering role. "
After the May 4th Movement, in 19 18, Qian published the article "China's Future Writing" in the fourth issue of New Youth, and put forward the idea of "abolishing Confucianism" and "abolishing words". He said: "If you want to abolish Confucius, you must first abolish Chinese; In order to drive away the naive, barbaric and stubborn thoughts of ordinary people, we must first abolish Chinese "; He even said: "If China wants to survive and become a civilized country in the 20th century, the fundamental solution must be to abolish Confucianism and destroy Taoism; Abolishing Chinese, which records Confucius and Taoist myths, is especially the fundamental solution. " He put forward: "After the abolition of Chinese", "Esperanto, an artificial word with concise grammar, neat pronunciation and excellent roots, should be adopted".
This is obviously a radical statement, and it is academically wrong to confuse Chinese with Chinese characters and the difference between language and writing, so it was criticized by Chen Duxiu. Chen Duxiu pointed out that language and writing are "closely related, but different in nature" and must not be confused, so it is "only the abolition of China writing?" It is worth studying to suppress and abolish China's language, so he put forward the idea of "abolishing Chinese first, saving Chinese and using Roman characters".
This view is supported by the people in New Youth. Qian also accepted Chen Duxiu's opinion, jointly advocated the Pinyin of Chinese, and launched the Pinyin Movement of Chinese. 1923, Mandarin Monthly published a special issue on the reform of Chinese characters, and the call for adopting Roman characters reached a climax, and the Romanization of Mandarin entered a new stage. Qian published the article "Chinese Character Revolution", denying Chinese characters, saying that "everywhere is enough to prove that this is an anachronism of the old birthday girl, and she can't adapt to the new life in the era of scientific prosperity in the twentieth century", "so the Chinese character revolution can be completely changed to Pinyin" and "only speaking Chinese characters loudly and brightly can make a revolution! In this way, the cause of Chinese character reform has hope of success. " He is not satisfied with phonetic symbols, and thinks that "the fundamental reform of Chinese characters" should adopt Roman letters.
Li jinxi published "The Way Forward of the Revolutionary Army in China", put forward the problem of "the book is full of words", and made a systematic study on this important issue. Zhao Yuanren published A Study of Mandarin Romance, and put forward A Draft of Mandarin Romance, which adopted international Latin letters and used letters to express the tone of syllables, without creating new letters or adding new symbols, and put forward systematic word connection rules.
1923 In August, the Ministry of Education held a preparatory meeting to unify Putonghua and decided to organize the "Study Committee on Romanization of Putonghua".
1925 In September, some members and linguists in Beijing automatically organized a "meeting of several people" and put forward "French Pinyin of Roman characters in Putonghua".
1In September, 928, President Cai Yuanpei of the University officially published "Romanization of French in Mandarin" as "the second body of Mandarin Phonetic Alphabet", which was used to phonetic Chinese characters, unify the national language, and "compare phonetic symbols to help popularize national pronunciation". In the Mandarin Romance Movement, some reading materials were published, such as Mandarin phonography Reader.
This paper compares "Common Chinese Pinyin Vocabulary" published by the Ministry of Education 1932 with Pinyin letters and Mandarin Roman characters. However, the romanization of Mandarin has never left the intellectual world, nor has it been widely implemented in society, and its influence is far less than phonetic symbols.
Romance, the national language, has always been used in Taiwan Province province. 1984, Taiwan Province Province published the revised draft of Mandarin Romance, which was published in.
1986 65438+/kloc-0 was officially published on October 28th, and its name was "The Second Form of Phonetic Alphabet of Putonghua", which was changed to the same notation as "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" to express tones.
Insanity → In a foreign country℃ Answer time 2007- 12-05 02:00
Determination of archaic sound in other answers
Each case:
First of all, before the discussion, the author makes a general explanation. For the convenience of reading, this paper uses Chinese Pinyin instead of International Phonetic Alphabet. All ancient phonetics are based on Minnan phonetics and imitate Minnan phonetics. However, because some sounds cannot be spelled in Chinese Pinyin, "[]" is introduced, and the letters in this symbol are pronounced in English phonetic symbols. Such as "[e]" and [ng] ",and English phonetic symbols" з "and" AE "; "-"means short pronunciation after phonetic notation. If you encounter "-",do "_ _-"; "()" means that the letters are consistent with the tone; ":"refers to a slow sound or a sound that is separated from the previous sound and elongated. If the letters at the back are enlarged, it means that they can't be put together with the letters at the front. They should be stretched separately and the ending should be pronounced gently. Such as "da: n"; "<" stands for minor stress, that is, it is slightly smaller than the beginning of the normal pronunciation of the previous letters; "> stands for strong accent, that is, slightly larger than the opening where the previous letters are pronounced normally." & means two or more ancient sounds that connect a word; "~ ~ ~" means an elongated sound; "…" means that the sound becomes weak; If "~ ~" and "…" exist at the same time, they are marked as "~ ~ …" to distinguish them.
According to the author's repeated research, the motivations of Chinese characters can be divided into the following categories:
1, the voice of nature
This is a common pronunciation that imitates the sounds of all things in nature. It can be divided into two categories:
① Imitate the inherent sound of everything, such as the word "Ye", whose ancient sound is pronounced as …, yā or ā. Obviously, the word "ye" is a very common modal particle in ancient Chinese, and its ancient sound is very similar to "ah" and "ya" in our spoken language today. Another example is the word "Ya". If its ancient sound is ā ~ ~ …, it will be very interesting. The mute sound is like ā ~ ~ … Then let's take a look at the word "dumb", the property of the left table, the sound made for the population, and the pronunciation of the words "Ya" and "dumb" on the right table is set by imitating the voice of the dumb. In fact, we still have the tradition of making words in this way today. For example, many new chemical elements have been discovered, such as "magnesium, calcium, barium and helium".
(2) According to the sound of knowing imitation, some knowing words also show the natural sound. Let's take "Harm" and "Yi" as examples to illustrate their sound sources. Look at the word "harm" first, and Shuo Wen says: "harm, injury also. From the mouth, from the mouth, from the sound. " The word "harm" in bronze inscriptions is harmful, with a "mouth" at the bottom and hieroglyphics of the tongue at the top, and a horizontal line in the middle indicating that the tongue has been cut off. The pronunciation of "harm" comes from the "hey hey" sound made by people without tongues. It can be seen that "cutting tongue" is the original meaning of the word "harm", and then the meaning of "harm" and "harm" is extended. Look at Yi and Shuowen again: "The anger of tapirs, even vertically, stems from the enthusiasm of tapirs." Among them, "tapir" is the first word of "Yi", and the bronze inscription is Yi. The ancients used Mu Cha to push the wild boar to the ground, and quickly tied a horizontal wooden stick between Mu Cha and the pig's neck, which looked like the word "Xin". The pronunciation of "tapir" may come from the harsh screams made by pigs after wearing this equipment, which will last surprisingly long. Therefore, Shuowen is interpreted as "determined to win", which means perseverance. ⑤ These original pronunciations, in some cases, are derived from the sounds made by everything.
2. Vowels and Consonants
Of course, it is obviously not enough to just imitate the sounds made by nature to convey information. Some complex concepts can't be described when they are expressed. Therefore, it is urgent to use unnatural sounds to express abstract or indescribable sounds.
There is a word that is composed of two words. Combining the initials of the previous word with the finals of the latter word is the pronunciation of this word. For example, in the word "Jiu", the first letter J of "Jing" on the left is spelled with the vowel ou of "You"; The initial f of "fu" on the word "Fei" and the vowel ei in the lower half of the word "Bei" spell "Fei"; After textual research, the author tries to analyze the sound source of the word "Gao" as follows: Gao, originally meant to pray during sacrifice. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to regular script, the font is from ox to mouth. Judging from the bronze inscription, tell it. The mouth below is exactly the same as the word "mouth" in unibody. If the ancient pronunciation of "Niu" is G incarnation, then its cognate "Xi" still retains its original pronunciation well. The ancient pronunciation of "Kou" is kào or), while the ancient pronunciation of "Gao" is g (зˋ).