Model essay on energy and environment science and technology 1
Energy problems \ environmental pollution and? Energy saving and emission reduction?
This paper expounds the present situation of energy crisis and environmental pollution, and sums up how to change the production, life and consumption patterns as soon as possible, and how to make energy conservation and emission reduction become the conscious action of the whole society.
This paper expounds the energy crisis and environmental pollution in detail, and summarizes how to change the mode of production, lifestyle and consumption as soon as possible, and how to make energy conservation become the conscious action of the whole society.
Keywords: energy crisis, environmental pollution, energy saving and emission reduction
Keywords: energy crisis, environmental pollution and energy conservation
I. Overview of energy and energy issues
Any substance or movement of substances that can provide some form of energy is collectively called energy. People need various forms of energy in daily production and life. For example, melting iron ore in blast furnace requires thermal energy, starting machinery requires mechanical energy, and using electrical appliances requires electrical energy. In a word, human production and life are closely related to energy.
From a long-term and global perspective, the so-called world energy problem? Energy problem? What is the problem of fossil energy shortage or near exhaustion? Oil problem? . What is this? If the oil problem suddenly cuts off the oil source, many countries' economies will be paralyzed. No one knows anything better than the Japanese. Oil problem? And almost all industrial products and even daily necessities are closely related to oil.
What is the impact of the energy crisis on China? China's energy problem has reached the point where it affects the whole body. Without reform, there is no way out and it is difficult to compromise. ?
In the early 1990s, China was still self-sufficient in energy, because it had its own coal, its own oil fields, rich hydropower resources and bioenergy (mainly biogas). At present, the general view is that the rise in oil prices will not affect the overall steady growth of China's economy. However, if there is no long-term concern, there will be future trouble. At present, China's energy consumption per unit GDP is 70% higher than the world average, its heating energy consumption per unit building area is 2-3 times higher than that of developed countries, its dependence on foreign countries is close to 50%, and its oil import is second only to that of the United States. According to the research report of the National Research Center, by 2020, the lower limit of China's oil demand will be 450 million tons, and the upper limit will be 66,543.8+tons, while the domestic output is expected to be only/kloc-0.8 billion to 200 million tons, which means that China's dependence on overseas resources will reach at least 55%, which is roughly equivalent to the current 58% dependence of the United States on foreign countries. Obviously, China's energy and some mineral resources are highly dependent on foreign countries, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of China's economy.
Second, environmental pollution.
Environmental pollution refers to the environmental problems caused by the amount of waste discharged into the environment by human beings exceeding the self-purification ability of the environment. Like industry? Three wastes? Untreated, discharged into the atmosphere, rivers, lakes, seas and soil, causing air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution; A large amount of garbage produced by people's production and life causes solid waste pollution; Noise pollution caused by traffic and factories; Radioactive pollution caused by radioactive leakage and so on.
The cities with environmental pollution problems in China are the places where human beings have the deepest and most concentrated impact on the environment, and also the places with the most serious environmental pollution. China accounts for 5 of the most polluted cities in the world 10. The price paid for this is: According to the conservative estimation of experts in China, the annual economic loss caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction is as high as 200 billion yuan. According to epidemiological investigation, the attribution percentage of respiratory diseases caused by air pollution in China is above 30%.
Noise and solid waste pollution need to be solved. The sound level of urban road traffic noise in China is basically between 70 and 76 decibels; According to the monitoring of more than 40 cities, the average sound level of traffic noise in 92.8% cities exceeds the limit of 70 decibels; Environmental noise pollution in most cities is also deteriorating. Two thirds of urban residents in China work and live in an environment with excessive noise. The output and storage of industrial solid waste in China are increasing at an average annual rate of 20 million tons. 192 The output of industrial solid waste reached 620 million tons, and the storage reached 5.92 billion tons, covering an area of 55,000 hectares. Urban garbage is increasing at the rate of 10% every year, reaching 82.62 million tons in 1992, which has caused a serious situation of garbage siege. Solid waste contains all kinds of toxic and harmful substances, dust pollutes the atmosphere, leachate pollutes surface water and groundwater, and storage pollutes farmland, which leads to the decline of soil quality and becomes a major environmental hazard.
Three. Measures to deal with energy problems and environmental pollution in China ―― Energy saving and emission reduction
China is under great pressure to connect with the international economy. China's rapid economic development has made remarkable achievements in the world, but it is also worrying ―― it consumes too much energy and raw materials in its development. For example, China's demand for raw materials is seven times that of Japan, nearly six times that of the United States, and perhaps even more embarrassing, three times that of India. This growth is basically achieved by expanding reproduction and competing for resources and energy. This traditional development model, which is characterized by high material consumption, high energy consumption and extensive management, will not be sustainable and cannot compete with other countries unless it is completely changed. Facing more and more serious energy problems and environmental pollution, we must have measures and countermeasures.
First, open source. Our coal reserves are abundant, but we should improve the technology of its development and utilization and improve the energy efficiency (the output efficiency per ton of standard coal in China is only 28.6% of that in the United States and 10.3% in Japan), and these resources can no longer be sold cheaply because they are non-renewable resources with limited reserves; Vigorously develop renewable energy such as hydropower and biomass energy. China has 680 million kilowatts of hydropower resources, ranking first in the world, but most of them have not been developed and utilized, and the utilization rate of bioenergy is still very low. Agricultural and sideline products such as straws in rural areas of China are basically set on fire, which wastes energy and pollutes the environment. Vigorously develop and utilize solar energy, which is a clean and renewable energy. Developing and utilizing solar energy may be the ultimate way out of the energy crisis.
Second, save energy and reduce emissions, promote clean production and advocate civilized consumption.
As a developing country, China can't blindly follow the western industrialized countries to use fossil energy to develop its industry, let alone blindly accelerate the increase of private cars, otherwise China will be hit by the energy crisis in advance! Only by implementing clean production, vigorously advocating civilized consumption and taking the road of sustainable development is our inevitable choice.
The public is both a consumer and a producer and manager of the environment. Achieving the goal of sustainable development means a profound change, a change in people's world outlook, values and morality, and a change in people's behavior. Whether the public is willing to accept and actively participate is a necessary condition for implementing these changes. If 65.438+300 million people in China use less disposable wooden chopsticks, a piece of white paper and a New Year card, what a huge number the whole country adds up to, which is equivalent to how many forests have been protected! If all the lighting lamps in the country are replaced by energy-saving lamps, the country can save about 60 billion kwh of electricity a year, and to produce so much electricity, it needs 30 billion kilograms of coal. To promote energy conservation and emission reduction, only the active promotion and guidance of the government, the implementation of the majority of enterprises is not enough, but also the support and participation of all sectors of society, especially all urban and rural residents!
Let each of our citizens take action, starting from me, starting from scratch, starting from now, starting from the side, making their own contribution to the realization of the national energy conservation and emission reduction goals, and creating a more economical, cleaner and more civilized and sustainable life.
Model essay on energy and environmental science and technology II
Analysis and research on energy development and utilization and environmental pollution
Abstract: the development and utilization of energy will have adverse effects on the environment to varying degrees. The present situation and defects of the legal regulation of energy and environmental problems in China have become realistic and strategic problems to be solved urgently. By analyzing the current situation of legal regulation of environmental problems in China's energy development and utilization, this paper points out its defects and puts forward a series of improvement measures.
[Keywords:] energy and environmental issues, environmental pollution legal regulation
[China library classification number] X502 [document code] b [document number]1000-405x (2014)-3-21-2.
With the acceleration of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China, there will be higher requirements for energy production and consumption, and the sustained and rapid growth of energy demand will inevitably bring greater pressure to China's environmental protection. The energy and environmental problems caused by energy development and utilization are not only the current practical problems faced by China, but also the strategic problems that affect the long-term development of China, and are one of the foundations and important guarantees for China to achieve sustainable development. As an authoritative and effective way of social adjustment in modern society, law should play an important role in solving this problem.
1 Adverse impact of energy development and utilization on the environment
(1) The adverse impact of oil and gas exploration, exploitation and utilization on the environment. Discharge of blowout accident, oil production wastewater, drilling wastewater, well washing wastewater and produced water reinjection during oilfield exploration and development; The formation water produced in the process of gas field exploitation contains elements such as sulfur, halogen, lithium, potassium, bromine and cesium, and its main harm is to salinize the soil. Hydrogen sulfide emission during oil and gas field exploitation; Discharge of refinery wastewater, waste gas (containing sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter) and waste residue (the product of the reaction between catalyst and adsorbent); Offshore oil production affects the marine ecosystem. Due to blowout, oil leakage, capsizing of offshore oil production platform, tanker accident and other reasons, oil leaks into the ocean, which has a serious impact on the marine ecosystem. In the transportation industry, motor vehicle exhaust causes air pollution and emits pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and lead.
(2) The adverse impact of coal development and utilization on the environment. In the process of coal mining, it will destroy the ecological environment of the mine and affect the living environment. In addition, the surface will be destroyed, resulting in rock movement, mine acid drainage, coal gangue accumulation and coal seam methane emission. A large number of pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, soot and mercury, are produced in the process of burning coal, which is the main cause of air pollution and acid rain. Coal combustion also emits greenhouse gases, causing global environmental problems.
(3) The adverse impact of hydropower development on the environment. Hydropower is a relatively clean energy source, but it still has many adverse effects on the ecological environment and water environment. The main manifestations are as follows: (1) river closure leads to the weakening of pollutant diffusion ability and the influence of water self-purification ability; Flooding land, ground facilities and historical sites, affecting the natural landscape; Sediment deposition will reduce the cross section of the upstream channel, raise the riverbed, scour the downstream bank and cause channel changes; Change the flow direction and direction of groundwater, make the downstream groundwater level rise, cause soil salinization, even form swamp, lead to the deterioration of environmental sanitation conditions, and cause disease epidemic; In the process of construction, the natural environment was destroyed by digging stones and fillers.
(4) The impact of nuclear energy development and utilization on the environment. The impact of nuclear energy on the environment mainly comes from two stages: nuclear fuel production and post-radiation fuel treatment. Because human beings are exposed to natural radioactive radiation from various sources all the time, the radioactive pollution in the process of fuel production is usually light and generally does not cause serious harm.
(5) The adverse impact of renewable energy development and utilization on the environment. The development and utilization of renewable energy is cleaner and safer than traditional fossil energy, but it will still bring some environmental problems.
2 China's energy and environmental issues, the status quo and defects of legal regulation
In order to effectively control the adverse impact of energy activities on the environment and solve energy and environmental problems, China has formulated a series of laws and regulations to strengthen the management of energy activities.
2. 1 Current situation and defects of general legal regulations on environmental issues in energy development and utilization.
(1) Status of laws and regulations. Environmental legislation. Through relevant environmental legislation, China has formed a relatively complete basic legal system of energy and environment. Electric power legislation. Electric energy is a high-quality secondary energy converted from primary energy and is the most widely used energy in the world today. Electric power industry is an important source of environmental pollution. As a power legislation that regulates the activities of power construction, production, supply and use, it must also involve the provisions of environmental protection.
(2) the defects of legal regulation. In practice, some effective management methods closely related to the energy industry, such as total control, emission trading and ecological compensation, need to be further legalized to provide more legal support for their implementation. The problem of energy legislation in China is far from enough, and the legal regulation of energy and environmental problems is rooted in the extremely weakening of energy legislation in China. It is far from enough to rely only on some universal provisions in environmental legislation.
2.2 Status quo and defects of legal regulations on environmental issues in oil and gas development and utilization
(1) Status of laws and regulations. At present, there is no special oil and gas law in China, and there is no special regulation to systematically regulate the environmental protection of oil and gas development and utilization. Relevant provisions are scattered in other relevant laws and regulations.
(2) the defects of legal regulation. Its defects mainly include: imperfect legislation and many gaps; The current laws and regulations are outdated and need to be revised urgently; Multi-head management, poor law enforcement.
2.3 Status quo and defects of legal regulation on environmental issues in coal development and utilization
(1) Status of laws and regulations. Article 11 of China's coal law has been established? The development and utilization of coal resources shall abide by the laws and regulations on environmental protection, prevent and control pollution and other public hazards, and protect the ecological environment? The basic principles of. At present, there are no special laws and regulations to regulate environmental protection in coal development and utilization, and relevant legislation is scattered in relevant laws, regulations and normative documents.
(2) the defects of legal regulation. The above-mentioned legal provisions have played an important role in reducing the damage of coal exploration and mining to the ecological environment and reducing coal pollution, especially sulfur dioxide pollution, but there are still many defects in the system and specific system.
2.4 Status and defects of legal regulation on environmental problems in hydropower development
(1) Status of laws and regulations. Hydropower development has played a very important role in ensuring energy supply, improving energy structure and reducing pollution. The opposition and coordination between hydropower development and environmental protection has become a controversial issue. Hydropower uses water energy to generate electricity, so it belongs to renewable energy.
(2) the defects of legal regulation. China's hydropower development environmental protection legislation is still in a state of serious lack. As far as the most critical and important management system-environmental impact assessment system is concerned, most of the existing legislative technical specifications lack clear provisions such as supervision, procedures and accountability, which makes the implementation of this system very difficult.
2.5 Status quo and defects of legal regulations on environmental issues in nuclear energy development and utilization
(1) Status of laws and regulations. Environmental protection in the development and utilization of nuclear energy is mainly to prevent environmental pollution caused by radioactive substances. (2) the defects of legal regulation. The main problems in this period are: legislative blank; Problems existing in current legislative documents.
2.6 Status and defects of legal regulation on environmental issues in the development and utilization of renewable energy
(1) Status of laws and regulations. Compared with traditional fossil energy, renewable energy belongs to clean energy, but its development and utilization may still bring some environmental problems.
(2) the defects of legal regulation. It is necessary to strengthen the control of development and utilization. From the analysis of the current situation of legal regulation, the main problems in this field in China are that there are many legislative gaps and lack of necessary special provisions for the development of new energy sources such as bioenergy, ocean energy and geothermal energy, which may lead to disorderly development, pollution and destruction of the environment.
3 China's energy and environmental issues to improve the legal regulation.
3. 1 Improve relevant environmental and energy legislation and strengthen the general legal regulation of energy and environmental issues.
(1) Improve relevant environmental legislation. China has the Basic Law on Environmental Protection of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the National Environmental Protection Law. In the construction of legal system, it is necessary to formulate the basic law of national environmental protection, the National Environmental Policy Law, and build a relatively complete legal framework that pays equal attention to ecological protection and pollution prevention by formulating ecological protection laws and regulations and perfecting existing pollution prevention laws and regulations.
(2) Improve relevant energy legislation. Energy is the most difficult problem to solve in environmental problems, and environment is the most difficult problem to solve in energy problems. Only by closer integration of energy law and environmental law can energy and environmental problems be effectively solved. Therefore, China should pay enough attention to strengthen and improve relevant legislation in the future.
3.2 Improve the legal regulation of environmental problems in oil and gas development and utilization.
Strengthening the development and utilization of oil and natural gas is of decisive strategic significance to China's energy security. Accordingly, we should pay more attention to the environmental protection problems in its development and utilization, improve legislation and improve the level of law enforcement.
3.3 Improve the legal regulation of environmental issues in coal development and utilization.
Coal plays a leading role in China's energy structure. With the rapid development of China's economy and society, the rapid growth of energy demand, the high-intensity development of coal, and the increasingly serious environmental damage in the process of coal mining, sulfur dioxide and other pollutants emitted by coal combustion have greatly increased, which has become the top priority of China's environmental problems.
3.4 Improve the legal regulation of environmental problems in hydropower development
From a global perspective, promoting hydropower development is an important part of the energy development strategy. Under the actual national conditions of China, hydropower construction is still an important foundation of China's national economy and plays an important supporting role in social and economic development. Protecting the ecological environment in hydropower development and promoting the healthy development of hydropower construction through ecological environment protection, especially under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, is the correct way to realize the coordinated development of hydropower development and ecological environment protection.
3.5 Improve the legal regulation of environmental issues in the development and utilization of nuclear energy.
Actively promoting the development and utilization of nuclear energy is an important energy strategy of China. Safety first, quality first? Has always been the guiding principle for the development of China's nuclear industry.
3.6 Improve the legal regulation of environmental issues in the development and utilization of renewable energy.
In order to avoid disorderly development and damage to the environment, legislation should be ahead of schedule and take precautions to standardize environmental protection issues in development and utilization. In the future, China can consider the following aspects: (1) using the renewable energy development fund to promote the development of environmental protection technologies for the development and utilization of renewable energy; At an appropriate time, the State Council or the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Oceanic Administration and the Ministry of Environmental Protection jointly promulgated the Regulations (Measures) on the Management of Environmental Protection for the Development and Utilization of Renewable Energy, making systematic provisions on this issue; Formulate relevant standards and guidelines for environmental impact assessment of renewable energy development and utilization, and improve the environmental impact assessment system; The development and utilization of geothermal energy and the construction and operation of tidal power stations have great adverse effects on the environment. In the future, we should focus on strengthening the research in this area and timely introduce relevant environmental protection management regulations; Use policy guidance, funds, technical support and other means to promote the development of new energy in rural areas and reduce the direct burning and utilization of straw and firewood with high pollution and low efficiency.
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