A research paper is an article that deeply analyzes and discusses a certain problem or phenomenon and draws a meaningful conclusion. The basic principles are clear structure, setting research standards and accuracy.
Abstract writing usually starts from the end of the whole paper, so as to include all the contents. However, you can also write it in advance and then make appropriate changes according to the progress of the research. When writing a paper abstract, you should pay attention to the following matters:
(1). Organize your materials and provide the most information in the smallest space.
(2) Use simple and direct sentences. Avoid using idioms, common sayings or unnecessary technical terms.
(3). Please read it and give your comments on its simplicity and completeness.
(4) Delete meaningless or unnecessary words. But don't go too far and delete the right words too much. For example, in English, you should not delete necessary articles, such as "an".
(5) Use abbreviations as little as possible. There are many cases in English, and the unit of measurement should be standardized. Special abbreviations should be defined separately when used.
(6) Don't put the data not mentioned in the article in the abstract.
(7). Don't put unimportant narrative in the abstract in order to expand the layout. Even if the abstract can only be summarized in one or two sentences, let it remain like this. Don't gild the lily.
(8). Don't list all the data in the paper. Just list the average and standard deviation or other statistical indicators as the most important one.
(9). Don't put pictures or tables abstractly, and try to describe them in words.
The review papers (including meta-analysis) clarify the problems by sorting out, synthesizing and evaluating the published materials and investigating the current research progress. In a sense, summarizing the thesis is instructive, including the following contents: defining the problem; Summarize the previous research, so that readers can understand the current situation of the research; Find out all kinds of relationships, contradictions, gaps and inconsistencies in the literature; Suggest the next steps to solve the problem. Summarize that the organizational form of the paper is organized according to the logical relationship rather than the research process.
According to the number of original documents collected, the degree of refining and processing, the form of organizational writing and the level of academic level, reviews can be divided into three categories: inductive, general and critical.
(1) Summary: Summary is an academic paper written by the author, which is organized, summarized and arranged in a certain order to make them interrelated and consistent. To some extent, it can reflect the current research progress of a certain topic and a certain field, but few authors have their own opinions and opinions.
(2) General: General is a systematic and logical academic paper written by an author with a certain academic level on the basis of collecting more information, which can express the author's views or tendencies. Therefore, this paper has certain guiding significance and reference value for readers engaged in this topic and this field.
(3) Critical review: Critical review refers to the authors with high academic level and high attainments in this field. On the basis of collecting a large number of data, the original data are summarized, analyzed and written to reflect the current research progress and development prospects in this field. Because the paper is logical, there are many authors' opinions and comments. Therefore, it has universal guiding significance for readers and guiding significance for readers' research work.