Architecture is closely related to people because it provides the necessary space for work and life.
According to the classification of uses, there are two main types of buildings: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production, while civil buildings are buildings that people use for living, employment, education and other social activities.
Industrial buildings are factory buildings that can be used for various processing and manufacturing, such as mining, metallurgy, machinery manufacturing, chemical industry and textile industry. The workshop can be divided into single-storey workshop and multi-storey workshop. Industrial buildings and civil buildings have the same structure. However, industrial buildings and civil buildings are different in the use of materials and ways.
Civil buildings are divided into two categories: residential buildings and public buildings. Residential buildings should be suitable for family life. Every apartment must have at least three necessary rooms: a living room, a kitchen and a bathroom. Public buildings can be used for political, cultural activities, administrative work and other services, such as schools, office buildings, parks, hospitals, shops, stations, theaters, gymnasiums, hotels, exhibition halls and baths. They all have different functions, which in turn require different design types.
Housing is the place where human beings live. The basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the wind and rain, but today people have much higher requirements for housing. When a family moves to a new community, they will know whether the available housing meets their safety, health and comfort standards. A family will also ask how close the house is to grain shops, food markets, schools, shops, libraries, cinemas and community centers.
In the middle of 1960' s, one of the most important values of housing was that there was enough space inside and outside. Most families prefer single-family houses covering an area of about half an acre, which can provide space for spare time activities. In highly industrialized countries, many families prefer to live as far away from the metropolis as possible, even if the working class has to walk a long way to work. Quite a few families would rather live in the countryside than in the suburbs, because their main purpose is to stay away from noise, crowding and chaos. Public transport is no longer the decisive factor in housing, because most workers drive to work. We are mainly interested in the layout, size and number of bedrooms of the rooms.
Before any building starts, a plan must be drawn to show what the building will look like, where it will go and how everything will be done.
A very important point in architectural design is the layout of the room, which should provide the greatest possible convenience according to the expected use of the room. In residential buildings, the layout can be divided into three categories: "day", "night" and "service facilities". Care must be taken to provide convenient communication between these areas. "Daytime" rooms usually include dining room, living room and kitchen, but other rooms, such as study, and a hall can also be added. The living room is usually the largest and often used as a dining room, or the kitchen may have a dining alcove. A "night" room consists of a bedroom. "Services" include kitchen, bathroom, storage room and toilet. The kitchen and storage room connect the service facilities with the living room.
It is also important to consider the view of different rooms, and it is best for those rooms that are most commonly used to face south as much as possible. However, due to the surrounding environment and road location, it is usually difficult to meet the best requirements. When solving these complex problems, we must also abide by the local urban planning regulations, which involve public facilities, population density, building height, the ratio of green space to housing, building lines, the overall appearance of new real estate relative to neighboring areas and so on.
There is little standardization of industrial buildings, although such buildings still need to comply with local town planning regulations. The modern trend is to develop into bright and ventilated factory buildings. Generally, it is a reinforced concrete or metal building. The factory can have a "shed" roof, including windows facing north, to provide uniform natural lighting without dazzling sunlight.
Translation:
Architectural type and design
Architecture is closely related to people. They provide necessary space for people's work and life.
According to different applicable types, buildings can be divided into two categories: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings include buildings used in various factories or industrial production, while civil buildings refer to buildings where people live, work, educate and engage in other social activities.
Industrial buildings can be used for processing and manufacturing in mining, metallurgy, machinery manufacturing, chemical industry, textile and other industries. Factory buildings are divided into single-storey and multi-storey buildings, and industrial buildings are also a kind of buildings. However, industrial buildings and civil buildings use different materials and construction methods.
Civil buildings can be divided into two categories according to their uses: residential buildings and public buildings. Residential buildings should adapt to family life. Each unit should include at least three necessary rooms: living room, kitchen and bathroom. Public buildings can be used for political and cultural activities, management and other services, such as schools, office buildings, parks, hospitals, shops, stations, theaters, gymnasiums, hotels, exhibition halls and baths. They all have different functions, which in turn require different design types.
The house is for people to live in. Their basic function is to provide housing content, but today people need more housing content. After entering a new community, a family will know that the existing housing should not only meet its safety, health and comfort standards. Also consider whether there are corresponding supporting facilities nearby, such as food market, school, shop, library, cinema, community center, etc.
In the mid-1960s, the most important value of housing was large enough space and convenient transportation. Most families will choose a family house with an area of about half an acre to provide enough space for spare time activities. In highly industrialized countries, the first choice of many families is the kind of house that is as far away from the downtown business circle as possible, even if it must be at a distance from the workplace. Quite a few families like suburban housing because their main purpose is to stay away from noise, crowding and chaos. Having convenient public transportation makes distance no longer a decisive factor, because most people drive their own cars to work. People are mainly interested in apartment types, room sizes and the number of bedrooms.
Before the start of the project, the architectural design and construction process should be well done, so that people can know in advance what the completed building will look like and what to do next.
In architectural design, special attention should be paid to the layout of rooms in order to provide the greatest convenience and possible use. In the design of a residential building, the layout can consider the following three aspects: "day", "night" and "clothing". Attention must be paid to the communication between these spatial areas. "Daytime" rooms generally include dining room, living room and kitchen, but other rooms, such as study, may be added, or they may become halls. The living room is usually the largest, often a dining room, and may also have a kitchen, niches and so on. "Night" rooms include bedrooms and guest rooms. "Service" rooms include kitchen, bathroom, storage room and toilet. The kitchen and storage room should be set together to facilitate the use of their room functions.
In addition, the orientation of various rooms should be considered. Of course, those rooms that are often used are best set in the south-facing position as far as possible. But considering the surrounding environment, location, roads and other factors, it is often difficult to meet the best requirements. When solving these complex problems, we must also follow the requirements of local urban planning laws and regulations on public facilities, population density, building height, green area, building red line and so on. , but also consider the situation of adjacent buildings, and so on.
Although industrial buildings need to comply with local urban planning regulations, there are few standardized industrial buildings. The trend of modern workshop is lightweight and ventilation. Generally speaking, a factory building with reinforced concrete structure or steel structure can get a "falling" roof with windows facing north, so that the evenly distributed natural lighting will not directly come in and cause glare.