Reasons for the failure of Westernization Movement:
First, the Westernization Movement was feudal. The Westernization School tried to maintain and consolidate China's feudal rule by absorbing modern western production technology without changing China's inherent system and morality, which seriously restricted the development of the Westernization Movement.
Second, the Westernization Movement depended on foreign countries. Based on various privileges, western powers stepped up their aggression and control over China politically and economically. They don't want China to become really rich and powerful, and the Westernization School relies on foreign countries everywhere.
Third, the management of westernization enterprises is decadent. Although westernization enterprises have a certain capitalist nature, their management is indeed feudal, and there are corruption phenomena such as embezzlement, misappropriation of public funds, extravagance and waste.
(2) Bourgeois reformists: 19 In the 1990s, bourgeois reformists merged into a trend of thought, advocating learning from the western political system and implementing a constitutional monarchy. 1898 resolutely carried out reform, which was called "Hundred Days Reform" in history.
Reason for failure:
First, the Reform Movement of 1898 offended the whole upper class, including intellectuals, and the abolition of the imperial examination hindered the promotion of some intellectuals, so they did not get their support.
Second, the Reform Movement of 1898 was destroyed by foreigners.
Third, reformists rely on emperors who have no real power and lack the support of central and local officials and people. Imperialism and the feudal die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi are powerful, while the reformists representing the democratic bourgeoisie are weak and unable to compete with them. In addition, the bourgeoisie is weak and divorced from the masses.
(And Yuan Shikai's informer can also be counted as one. )
(3) Bourgeois revolutionaries: After the failure of the Reform and Reform, the Qing government pursued the New Deal in an attempt to save the crisis, further intensifying class contradictions. The bourgeois revolutionaries are determined to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, establish a bourgeois republic, launch the Revolution of 1911 and create the Republic of China.
Reason for failure:
First, the bourgeoisie limited its revolutionary goal to opposing the Qing emperor and did not explicitly demand anti-imperialism.
Second, the leaders of the Revolution of 1911 did not mobilize the broad masses of the people, especially the peasants, to participate in the struggle.
Third, the revolutionaries did not establish and master organized revolutionary armed forces, and the League launched a new army and a socialist party to hold an uprising. After all, these two armed forces were not established by revolutionaries themselves. Moreover, the members of the new army and the socialist party are complex, and most of them accept constitutionalists and old bureaucrats. Therefore, they are often incited by the old forces to become forces that undermine the revolution. Revolutionaries lack strong armed forces, and it is difficult to cope with the counter-attack of reactionary forces.
Fourth, the China League has not established a correct organizational line, so the organization is not consolidated. The internal alliance is complicated, the political beliefs are inconsistent, and the ideological differences are serious, so a unified leadership core has never been formed.
These problems have exposed the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie.
(4) China * * * Production Party: the road of bourgeois transformation and bourgeois revolution will not work in China. Influenced by the Russian October Revolution, in 192 1 year, a huge China * * * production party was born, and the history of China turned a new page.