Hong, an important leader in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, put forward a series of news thoughts to his heavenly king Hong Xiuquan from the macro perspective of the power structure of the whole country in his "A New Chapter on State Affairs": ① setting up a news hall; 2 quasi-selling news articles; (3) promoting news officials; (4) Just write. Zheng's paper "Daily" in "Dangerous Words in a Prosperous Age" put forward the ideas of "educating the people and hiding" and "reaching the people's hearts". Lin Zexu, some people say in modern times that he was the first person who opened his eyes to see the world in the Qing Dynasty. The Macau Newsprint he runs is the earliest translated newspaper in China. Macau Newsprint and Macau Monthly (the name used by Wei Yuan in Atlas of the Sea) are newspapers, but they are not published publicly. Zhao Wenxin Newspaper:1The earliest Chinese newspaper founded by Ai Xiaomei, Hankou and China People in 873. Shanghai's first Chinese-language daily, The Report, was renamed The Report in September for political protection, and its actual property rights remained unchanged. Later on 1857, it was renamed Yi Bao again, which was the first Chinese daily newspaper run by China people. Bicycle Daily: 1874 was founded by Hong Kong and Wang Tao, and it was the longest and most influential newspaper among the early Chinese newspapers. It was the first newspaper in modern China that advocated reform and self-improvement. With the aim of "strengthening China and rejecting foreign countries, focusing on teachers and strengthening China's reform", we should learn advanced western science and culture in order to revitalize China and resist foreign enemies; This is a newspaper with political theory as its soul. Wang Tao: He participated in the editing of Liuhe Congbao from 65438 to 0857, which was the beginning of his newspaper activities. From 65438 to 0864, he was also the editor of the compilation of recent events. Circular Daily was founded on 1874. He is the founder of modern newspaper thought and the first newspaper commentator in the history of China journalism. His political comments were anti-imperialist and patriotic, short and pithy, simple and emotional, and later developed into a new newspaper style and Liang Qichao, which had a great influence on the literary world at that time and later reformist leaders. Some of his political essays were later compiled as "An Extracorpora of Yuyuan Garden Literature", which is the earliest collection of political essays in newspapers and periodicals in China. His remarks on running a newspaper represented the highest achievement of newspaper theory before the Reform and Reform, and laid the cornerstone of modern newspaper theory. "Yu Yuan Wen Zhi Wai Bian: My earliest collection of political essays in newspapers, written by Wang Tao. He is the first newspaper commentator in the history of China journalism. His political comments are anti-imperialist and patriotic, long-winded, short and pithy, simple and full of emotion. Later, he developed into a new newspaper style, and some of his political articles were included in the "external compilation". Le Monde, the first newspaper founded by the reformists, was welcomed by prestigious literati. Three months after its publication, it was renamed Chinese and Foreign Journals because of the same name as Shanghai World Bulletin. After the establishment of Jingshi Workshop, 1895 World Bulletin was renamed Qiangshe Organ, and Chinese and Foreign News edited by Liang Qichao and Wang Daxie was the bud of China bourgeois party newspaper. Is the representative of the northern reformists. Chinese and foreign news: the organ newspaper of Jingshi Workshop, an important public opinion organ of the reformists. Its predecessor is the World Bulletin edited by Liang Qichao and Ren Daxie, which is the bud of China bourgeois party newspapers. The publication of the newspaper made officials and intellectuals "gradually know the benefits of the new law", which created powerful conditions for the establishment of reformist political groups and the further development of the reform movement. The publication of 1896 was closed on 1 20th. Feature story at home and abroad: 1: publishing foreign newspapers and foreign telecom translations. 2. Introduce the political, economic and natural science knowledge of capitalist countries, also comment on the gains and losses of Chinese and Western societies, and publicize that China should learn from the West. Qiang Magazine, the organ newspaper of Shanghai Qiang Society. Representative of the reformist South. Liang Qichao: a famous reformist political thinker and critic: He founded 10 newspapers and periodicals, such as Chinese and foreign news, current affairs, Qingyi newspaper, Xinmin Cong newspaper and so on. , engaged in newspaper publicity activities for 27 years; Created a "current affairs style", and his life works were co-edited as "Drinking Ice Room Collection"; People call it "the pride of public opinion" and have rich practical experience in newspapers, which provides a foundation for the bourgeoisie to run newspapers. The Times: 1896 was founded in Shanghai, with Liang Qichao as the editor. The most important public opinion position of reformists. This is a periodical, which mainly focuses on "Translation of Foreign Newspapers" and also provides a speech column. (The representative work of Reform and Reform is "An Introduction to Reform and Reform", which is serialized in current affairs; For the first time, the proposition of reform and political reform was comprehensively and systematically expounded, which was the political program of the reformists. On whether newspapers are beneficial to the country, his masterpiece of news thought, puts forward the view of "removing congestion and seeking communication", and holds that newspapers have the functions of eyes, ears and mouthpiece. ) mainly propagandizes the theory of evolution, advocates abolishing the imperial examination in schools, establishing a parliament to advocate civil rights, developing national capitalism, exposing imperialist crimes, and calling for defending national independence. This newspaper has had a great influence among the ruling class with bourgeois tendencies and patriots. This newspaper was the Chinese newspaper with the highest circulation and the greatest influence at that time, with the highest circulation of 1.7 million copies. Articles published on current affairs, like Liang Qichao's articles, talk about current affairs and publicize the reform and reform, which are called "current affairs style" (new style): ① flexible and free, eclectic; ② Easy-going, with novel and vivid vocabulary; Brush strokes are often emotional and infectious. It originated from Wang Tao and developed in Liang Qichao's era, becoming Xinmin Congbao. Influence of The Times: One year after its publication, the circulation of The Times increased from more than 3,000 at the time of publication to 6,543.8+0.2 million, reaching 6,543.8+0.7 million at the peak, making it the most important and influential organ of the reformists. An important public opinion position of the reformists in South China: Zhixin Daily. Founded in Macau, with Kang Youwei's younger brother Kang Ren Guang as the general manager. The important public opinion positions of the Reformists in Central China: Hunan Xiangxuehai New Newspaper, Xiangxuehai Daily and Box (mainly written by Tang and Tan Sitong) were all edited by Tang. The first newspaper founded by Hunan Reformists, Xiangxue New Newspaper, was founded in Changsha, and was edited by Tang,, and successively. Tang: A famous political activist and outstanding journalist during the Reform Movement of 1898. Wang Qin Uprising, an autotrophic armed group in Wuhan, was exposed in advance, and was arrested by Zhang Zhidong and immediately executed. National newspaper: the most important public opinion position of northern reformists. It is the first daily newspaper founded by reformists. Yan Fu was founded in 1897, with the aim of "communicating the feelings of the upper and lower levels" and "communicating the principles at home and abroad", but "communicating the feelings of the outside world first". Yan Fu's translation of "The Theory of Evolution" was published in the supplement "The Collection of National Newspapers", which put forward the natural law of "natural selection, survival of the fittest". Yan Fu is not only a newspaper activist, but also a famous translator and enlightenment thinker. Guo is unique in the reformist newspapers. One is to "communicate foreign feelings first"; Secondly, pay attention to the strategy of running newspapers; Once again, the news is rapid and the source of the manuscript is prosperous. The first newspaper in China: The Herald, the earliest leisure tabloid in Shanghai. The earliest professional sci-tech newspapers in Shanghai are Journal of Agriculture and Journal of Mathematics. Women's Magazine was founded by Kang Tongwei and Li Huixian on 1898. It is the earliest newspaper with women as readers in China. Official newspaper: the official newspaper published by the official newspaper established by the Qing court was the beginning of the public issuance of new official newspapers by the Qing government and also marked the beginning of the construction of the news legal system in the late Qing Dynasty. Reformist newspaper thought: (1) Early reformist thinkers' opinions on running newspapers. From the 1970s of 19 to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the early reformists' thoughts on running newspapers mainly came from Wang Tao, Zheng and others. Kang Youwei's "keeping pace with the times" and "knowing the New Deal" are linked with political reform and reform. Liang Qichao summed up the function of newspapers in "On whether newspapers are beneficial to the country", that is, widely translating the recent situation of five continents, recording the new policies of various provinces in detail, searching and negotiating important cases, collecting important books on politics and art, and comparing them with people's eyes, ears and mouthpiece; Tan Sitong pointed out that newspapers are people's history, people's mouths, more democracy, civil rights and freedom of speech all belong to the category of bourgeois news thought. The early reformists also had a strong feudal color. (2) The thought of running newspapers of the reformists during the Reform Movement of 1898. Liang Qichao ran a newspaper overseas, and his news thoughts changed. He put forward the "two bounden duties" of newspapers, namely "supervising the government" and "guiding the role". It laid the foundation for the formation of China's bourgeois journalism thought, and it was also used for reference by later China revolutionaries. 1: During the Reform Movement of 1898, with the increasing practice of running newspapers, the reformists headed by Kang Liang deepened their understanding of newspapers and periodicals. Among them, the positive role of newspapers and periodicals for the country is still the most elaborated. They summarized the function of newspapers and periodicals as highly democratic "communication". It can be discussed from three aspects. First of all, the reformists tried their best to expound and practice the function of newspapers and periodicals to "communicate with the west", especially to "communicate with the outside". Pay attention to the role of newspapers and periodicals in spreading information and stabilizing the ruling order of the country. Secondly, it emphasizes and uses the educational function of newspapers, so it has always been regarded as one of the main tasks of newspapers. Thirdly, attach importance to and consciously use the newspaper's function of opening up the atmosphere, that is, guiding public opinion. 2. The understanding of the nature of newspapers and periodicals is beyond the level of early reformists. The reformists regard running newspapers as the embodiment of people's natural rights and political democracy, and realize the fighting role of newspapers against autocracy. 3. Expressed opinions on the quality of newspaper reporters, and put forward suggestions on the formulation of newspaper law. Liang Qichao's journalistic thought during the Revolution of 1911: After the coup of 1898, Liang Qichao studied and summarized his journalistic practice by drawing lessons from the political theory and journalistic theory of the western bourgeoisie when running newspapers overseas. According to his own personal experience, he put forward new views on the functions of newspapers, the principles of running newspapers, improving public opinion and propaganda methods. First of all, he put forward the "two bounden duties" of newspapers, namely "supervising politics" and "guiding use". Secondly, he put forward four criteria for running a newspaper. 1, "aim high". 2. "New correct thinking". 3. "Two materials are rich". 4. "Report things accurately and quickly." Third, put forward the idea of improving public opinion. In order to create a sound public opinion, newspapers must have five elements: first, common sense; Second, sincerity; Three days until; Fourth, fair to the public; The fifth is moderation. Fourthly, the method of publicity is put forward. In order to improve the propaganda effect, Liang Qichao summarized two propaganda methods, namely infiltration method and incitement method. Liang Qichao's news thought at this time is the inheritance and development of the early bourgeois reformist newspaper theory, and also a summary and summary of his news practice. At this time, his news thought has entered the capitalist news thought system, which laid the foundation for the formation of China's bourgeois news thought and was also used for reference by later China revolutionaries. The role and contribution of the reformist newspaper activities: role: ① patriotic education to save the nation and survive. The reformists stated the dangerous situation that China was surrounded by foreign powers through newspapers and periodicals, angrily condemned all kinds of bad behaviors of foreign powers, and issued a call for building a strong and independent new China, which greatly inspired the patriotic enthusiasm of scholars and intellectuals to resist aggression and revitalize China. (2) Enlighten the readers with bourgeois ideas. After the reform, the newspapers and periodicals introduced western learning and western situation in considerable space, enthusiastically publicized the new bourgeois culture, shocked the hearts of the broad masses of intellectuals and liberated their thoughts. ③ Promoted the development of the Reform Movement and the realization of political reform. The newspaper activities of the new reformists in various places have caused great public opinion influence in the society, won the support and support of a large number of patriotic people with lofty ideals, and greatly helped the political reform. The main contributions are: breaking through the ban of feudal rulers; (2) It set a precedent for politicians to run newspapers; (3) Created a new style of newspaper and promoted the development of political writing. How did the "new style" come into being? What are the characteristics? "New Style": After the Reform Movement of 1898, Liang Qichao founded Xinmin Cong Bao in Japan. His political comments on newspapers and periodicals are upgraded on the basis of the original current affairs style, which has both new ideas and reduced classical Chinese elements, and is called "Xinmin Style". The formation of "new style": originated from Wang Tao, developed in Liang Qichao's current affairs and became Xinmin Cong Bao.