Traditional construction procedure
As mentioned earlier, the construction under the traditional construction procedure is carried out by the contractor. Although contractors want to satisfy owners and architects, their main goal is to make profits. Therefore, their initial task is to prepare the tender price according to the accurate estimate of the construction cost. This requires the formulation of the concept of project implementation and the construction schedule. After signing the contract, the contractor must provide and pay all the materials, equipment, electricity, labor and supervision fees required for the construction. The owner compensates the contractor for the construction cost and service.
The general contractor is fully responsible for the construction project. The contractor employs subcontractors, who are responsible for all kinds of works required for construction. For example, pipeline contractors install pipelines, electrical contractors install electrical systems, and elevator contractors install elevators. Their contract is with the general contractor and paid by the general contractor.
Sometimes, in addition to the general contractor, the owner also signs contracts with professional contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a lot of work required for the construction. Such a contractor is called the main contractor. Their work is arranged and coordinated by the general contractor, but their wages are paid directly by the owner.
Sometimes, the owner may also adopt the design-build method and award the contract to an organization to design and build the building. This kind of organization is called a design-build contractor. A variant of this contract is used by developers of single-family houses or low-rise apartment buildings. Residential builders design and build houses, but the design has been basically completed before the owners buy houses.
The management of construction procedures is usually difficult. Therefore, some owners seek the help of experts, who are called professional construction managers with rich construction experience and charge fees. The construction manager negotiates with the general contractor and helps to choose one to build the building. Managers usually also supervise the selection of subcontractors. During the construction period, they helped to control costs, speed up the delivery of equipment and materials, and keep the project on schedule. On the contrary, in some cases, the owner may prefer to hire a construction project manager to help manage the design and construction.
The workers employed by the construction contractor may or may not have unions. Trade union craftsmen are trade union members organized by the construction industry, such as carpenters, plumbers and electricians. Trade union members will only perform the work assigned to their industries.
During the construction, all work should be checked. To this end, owners usually employ inspectors through architects and consultants. On-site inspectors can be placed under the control of the owner's representative, whose title can be engineering clerk, architect supervisor, engineer supervisor or resident engineer. It is the inspector's responsibility to ensure that the construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is carried out under safe conditions. This kind of inspection can be carried out frequently.
In addition, inspections are also conducted by representatives of one or more government agencies. They have the responsibility to ensure that the construction conforms to the legal requirements, and they care little or nothing about whether it conforms to the contract documents. This statutory inspection is carried out regularly or at the end of some stages of construction. A regular inspection agency is the local or state building department, no matter which one has jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure compliance with local or state building codes.
The following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedures of multi-storey buildings.
After the construction contract is awarded to the general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start part of the project before the contract is signed, or issue a written notice of commencement after the contract is signed. Then, the contractor obtains construction permits from government agencies such as local construction, water, sewer and highway departments as required.
The general contractor plans and arranges construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the project. The subcontractor was informed of the award of the contract, and issued a letter of intent or the awarded subcontract, and then received a notice of commencement at an appropriate time.
Before the start of construction, the general contractor requires that the adjacent structures and topography be investigated in order to record and understand the local situation. Then take measurements to plan the building.
The contractor's field office is built on or near the site. If it is necessary to protect passers-by for safety reasons, what needs to be removed from the site will be removed and the debris will be transported away.
Next, the site is ready to receive the building. This work may include leveling the top surface to an appropriate elevation, digging to the required depth of the basement and foundation, and moving the public pipeline. For deep excavation, the soil side is supported and the bottom is drained.
The main construction project starts from the foundation of the building. The next step is to install the load-bearing wall and structural frame. According to the height of the building, ladders, stairs or elevators can be installed so that the construction workers can walk from one floor to another and finally reach the roof. In addition, cranes can be installed to lift materials to a higher level. If necessary, temporary floors can be placed for personnel to use.
As the building rises, pipes, conduits, wires and wires are installed. Then, build permanent floors, external walls and windows. When appropriate, install permanent elevators. If necessary, place fireproof materials for the steel frame. Next, build a fixed partition and place the roof and its covering.
Next is the finishing operation. Comprise that following installation: a ceiling; Tiles; Wall panel; Wall panel; Pipeline equipment; Heating furnace; Air conditioning equipment; Heating and cooling devices in the room; Escalator; Floor covering; Window glass; Movable partition; Door; Finishing hardware; Electrical equipment and instruments, including lighting devices, switches, transformers and controllers; And other items required in the drawings and specifications. Field offices, fences, bridges and other temporary buildings must be removed from the site. Public utilities, such as gas, electricity and water, are connected to the building. This seat is beautified and paved. Finally, paint and clean the interior of the building.
Then, the owner's representative makes a final inspection of the building. If they find that the structure meets the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and pays the final payment to the general contractor after the construction department issues the occupancy certificate, which shows that the completed building meets the requirements of building regulations.
Traditional construction procedure
As we all know, contractors who carry out construction according to traditional construction procedures. Although they want to meet the requirements of owners and architects, their ultimate goal is to make a profit. Therefore, their initial task is to accurately estimate the written tender price of construction cost. This requires preliminary investigation and construction progress. After winning the bid, the construction party must provide all materials and pay for their expenses, equipment, electricity and labor. The owner needs to carry out necessary supervision at this time.
The general contractor is responsible for the whole building. The contractor engaged in subcontracting must undertake all the work required for the construction project. For example, plumbing contractors install water pipes, electrical contractors install electrical systems, and elevators are installed by elevator contractors. They signed a contract with the general contractor and the expenses were paid by the general contractor.
Sometimes, in addition to the general contractor, there are various professional contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who need to sign contracts with the owners when performing their work. Such contractors are called indirect contractors. Their work is coordinated by the general contractor, but they are all directly contacted by the owner.
Sometimes, the owner can adopt the way of design and construction, which has both the functions of design and construction unit. These units are called design and construction contractors. A change in contract employment in this field is the development of residential or low-rise residential areas. A house designed and built in a house building, but it needs to be completed by the owner of the house before the design.
Construction process management is often difficult. Therefore, some owners will seek the assistance of experts, who are called professional construction managers and have rich construction experience. The construction manager negotiates with the general contractor and selects one of the projects. The construction manager usually also supervises subcontractors. During the construction period, they help to control costs, speed up the delivery of equipment and materials, and keep the progress of the project. In the case of administration according to law and assistance in design and construction, the owner can choose to be the construction project manager.
The labor force employed by construction contractors generally includes big workers and small workers. Large workers are engaged in technical jobs in reconstruction projects, such as carpenters, plumbers, union members and electrician unions, while small workers are engaged in the jobs assigned to them.
During the construction period, all work should be accepted. Therefore, owners often supervise through architects and supervisors. It may be called an engineer, architect or resident engineer. Conduct on-site inspection as the owner's representative. The inspector must ensure that the project meets the requirements of the contract documents and is implemented under safe conditions. This inspection can be repeated.
In addition, the acceptance also requires representatives of one or more government agencies. They must ensure that the project meets the legal requirements and be responsible for checking whether it is consistent with the contract documents. This inspection is usually carried out regularly or after the completion of certain construction stages. Local or national construction departments have jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure compliance with local or national building codes.
The following is the basic procedure of traditional multi-storey building construction.
When the contract is awarded to the developer after the start of construction, the owner may require the developer to sign the contract before or after the start of construction, and issue a written notice when another part of the work continues. Then, the construction party shall obtain building permits as required, such as local construction, water supply, sewage treatment, government agencies, highway departments, etc.
General contractor's plan and timetable, detailed construction operation and mobilization of project equipment and personnel. After receiving the notice, the subcontractor makes the intention to sign the contract or award the subcontract, and then gives the notice at an appropriate time.
Before starting the construction, the general contractor shall investigate the adjacent structures and topography, make records and be familiar with the local conditions. After the survey, the plane layout construction will be carried out immediately.
The contractor's field offices are all built at or near the construction site. For the sake of safety, everything that must be removed from the scaffold and the debris generated must be removed.
Next, prepare the grid for the construction project. This work has found the correct elevation for the depth of basement excavation and foundation excavation and the transfer of utility pipelines. Deep excavation, earthwork support and bottom discharge.
Construction starts from the foundation, and then the load-bearing wall and structural frame are constructed. The installation of ladders, stairs or elevators allows construction workers to travel to and from various floors. In addition, cranes can be installed to transport materials.
Due to the rise of building height, the installation of pipelines, power pipelines and lines, and the influence of permanent floors, external walls, windows and structures. In due course, permanent elevators will be installed. Fire shutter can be installed if necessary. Secondly, the roof and other places also need to be installed.
The following contents are installed in the decoration process: ceiling, tile, wallboard, wallboard, water pipe device, heating furnace, air conditioning equipment, heating and cooling room device; Escalator; Floor and window glass; Movable boards and doors; Electrical equipment and instruments, including lighting devices, switches, transformers and controllers, shall conform to the drawings and specifications of the project. On-site offices, fences, bridges and other temporary buildings, as well as natural gas, power pipelines, water pipes and other public equipment, are all connected with the building. Finally, the cleaning and cleaning of the interior of the building.
The owner's representative will make a final inspection of the construction project. If they are satisfied with the contract documents, the owner will accept the project and give the general contractor an occupation certificate, indicating that the general contractor has completed the construction, and the construction department will issue the final payment according to the requirements of the building code.