The 28th punch in the third stage activity.

Topic: Thinking, Fast and Slow

Content: Part I System 1 System 2 Chapter 1

Golden sentence:

The operation of 1. system 1 is unconscious, fast, almost without mental effort and feeling, and completely under independent control.

System 2 turns its attention to brain activities that require mental work, such as complex operations. The operation of system 2 is usually related to subjective experiences such as behavior, choice and concentration.

2. It's easy to turn your attention away from the object you don't want to pay attention to and just focus on another goal. When people focus too much on one thing, they will block out other things, even things that are usually of great interest.

3. System 1 continuously provides impression, intuition, intention, feeling and other information for system 2. If system 2 receives this information, it will put impressions, intuition, etc. Into beliefs and impulses, into autonomous behavior. Usually everything goes well, and System 2 will make some adjustments or accept the suggestions of System 1 without reservation. So you usually trust your initial impression and act according to your own ideas. Usually, this is also good.

Summary: There are two modes of human thinking, which are simply "system 1 and system 2". The system 1 is responsible for keeping the instinctive behavior of the system 2 at rest; System 2 appears when deep thinking is needed. The instinct of system 1 and the acquired habit of system 2 constitute your current thinking mode.

Title: The first part, the second chapter, the leading role and supporting role of the film.

Golden sentence:

1. Pupils are sensitive indicators of human thinking activities. Pupils will spread when people solve problems, and will spread even more when they encounter more difficult problems.

2. In economic behavior, paying is the cost, and learning skills is to pursue the balance between interests and costs. Because laziness is human nature. People pursue two things, one is survival, including ease and laziness, health and longevity, food and drink, freedom from pain and social recognition. The second is reproduction, including sex and the protection of future generations.

3. If a person's brain is in a sprint state, it is possible to effectively shield (secondary information). The author of the above-mentioned book "Invisible Gorilla" turned a blind eye to the "gorilla" by making the observer concentrate on counting the number of passes.

Summary: the window to observe the soul-the pupil in the eye can know the thinking degree of the other person; Laziness is human nature, because we are used to using the automatic driving system 1, and we have to turn to the lazy system 2; High-speed brain observation may turn a blind eye to secondary information.

Content: The first part, the third chapter, the contradiction between lazy thinking and delayed satisfaction.

Golden sentence:

1. Speeding up walking will completely change my walking experience, because speeding up will obviously reduce my coherent thinking ability. As long as I speed up, I will pay attention to gradually speeding up my walking speed, and I will deliberately maintain a faster speed, so my ability to sum up a series of ideas will be reduced accordingly.

2. People who have experienced flow describe it as "a state in which the brain's attention is effortlessly concentrated, which can make people forget the concept of time, forget themselves and forget their own problems". Their description of the pleasure brought by this state is very attractive, which Mihaly called "the best experience".

Let some 4-year-old children fall into a cruel predicament. These children can choose whether to get a small reward (one Oreo cookie) at any time or wait for 15 minutes in a challenging environment to get a bigger reward (two cookies).

Conclusion: Speeding up walking will reduce thinking, which is equivalent to competing for the limited resources of System 2. Flow will make you forget the present and immerse yourself in what you want to do! Just like Oreo cookies, you can achieve more by delaying gratification.

Content: The first part, the fourth chapter, the magical power of Lenovo.

Golden sentence:

1. 1 It is your system to regard the simple connection between two words as the real situation. People have always known what is the mechanism that causes these thinking activities, and this mechanism is association. Just like seeing the following two words: "Banana Vomiting", you must have thought a lot in just a second or two, and some unpleasant pictures and memories came to mind.

2. People who have the concept of money in their minds at first are more independent than those who have no association with money. The concept of money breeds individualism: unwilling to be with others, unwilling to rely on others, unwilling to accept other people's demands.

3. Your subjective experience is mainly determined by System 2. The startup effect comes from the system 1. When this effect happens, you don't realize it at all.

Summary: The association mechanism is to give your system 2 a hint and make the system 1 do the suggestive behavior without you realizing it. Moreover, the association mechanism is subconscious, large and contains a lot of imagination.

Content: Part One Chapter Five Your intuition may be just an illusion.

Golden sentence:

1. Familiarity has a simple and strong' irretrievability', which seems to indicate that this feeling is a direct response to past experiences. In short, when you recognize a word you have seen, you will feel more relaxed. It is this relaxation that gives you that familiar feeling.

2. The system 1 gives people a sense of familiarity, and the system 2 relies on the familiarity generated by the system 1 to make a right or wrong judgment. There is a reliable way to make people believe in falsehood, and that is repetition, because it is difficult for people to distinguish the familiar from the true. Repetition can relax cognition and increase people's goodwill towards the object.

If you care about whether you are trustworthy and smart in the eyes of others, please speak concisely, and don't use complex sentences if you can use simple sentences. In an article entitled "The Consequence of Unrealistically Using Gorgeous Words: It is unnecessary to use long sentences", he pointed out that using grandiose language to express familiar concepts is a sign of low IQ and poor credibility.

4. Under the condition of ensuring the accuracy of information, high-quality paper, bright font color, rhyming words and concise language can improve the credibility of information.

Summary: the information you have seen or repeated before will give you an inexplicable height, and it will be easier to believe when you see it next time. Bright fonts, rhyming words and concise language can increase the credibility of information. This is the familiarity of system 1, and system 2 makes a judgment based on the familiarity of system 1.

Content: Part I, Chapter VI, Accident and Rationality.

Golden sentence:

1. From the first surprise to the second habit. If it turns out that the second applicant is also my old friend, I won't be as surprised as the friend who applied for the first one. As long as the plot is slightly repeated, a new experience is not so fresh.

2. Many experiments show that 6-month-old babies regard many events and their consequences as causality, and they will be surprised once the consequences change. Obviously, we have a sense of cause and effect from birth. Of course, this causal relationship does not depend on rational thinking. They are products of 1 system.

Summary:

The plot keeps repeating, from the first unexpected to the second reasonable. Although system 2 knows that there is no necessary connection between the two, system 1 will make the brain think that this is a normal thing.

People have a tendency to "seek explanation" when facing the world. We instinctively think that everything has a cause and effect. But you can't rely too much on causality to make excuses for your bad results.

Content: The letter "B" and the number "13" in Chapter 7 of Part I..

Golden sentence:

1. Although System 2 is in charge of the power of doubt and distrust, it is sometimes busy, lazy when it is not busy, and always absent without leave. In fact, there is evidence that when people are exhausted, they are more susceptible to empty but convincing information, such as advertisements.

2. Love (or hate) a person will love (or hate) all of this person-including aspects that you haven't observed yet-this tendency is called the halo effect.

That is, the first score has a certain influence on all the subsequent scores. This mechanism is very simple: when I give a high score to a student's first paper, I will be more tolerant of this student when I encounter vague statements.

3. The statement that "the survival rate within one month after operation is 90%" is more reassuring than "the mortality rate within one month after operation 10%". Similarly, cold dishes "90% fat-free" are more attractive than "10% fat". The deep meaning is the same, but the expression is different, and the influence is really different.

Summary: When you are tired, you are more susceptible to information, so this time is not conducive to decision-making.

Halo effect is that a person is easily influenced by the first impression, and the good or bad factors at the beginning will affect your later judgment.

Example: As my master told me today (0605), a design company that made me feel bad actually asked us to attend their anniversary. Maybe I have more thoughts about their company and people, and I gave them according to the previous things. I should try to put them down, disperse them and treat them like normal design companies.

Content: Chapter 8, Part 1: How do we make a judgment?

Golden sentence:

1. People believe that we are born with judgment. Just looking at a stranger's face, we can judge two important facts about this person: how strong he is (and therefore potentially threatening); How credible is this person (whether his intentions may be friendly or hostile). Evaluating a person's attractiveness is a basic judgment. Whether you want to do it or not, this evaluation is involuntary and will have an impact on you.

There is an obvious example of the difference in thinking: when he was asked if he thought the company had strong financial resources, he thought of the products that the company loved.

Summary: At the first sight of a person, the body automatically begins to evaluate the function, which is unconscious and sets up a first impression in your mind. When you realize this and want to change it, the second system is running.

When asked about a star, divergent thinking may only be associated with his works and some of his recent activities.

Content: The first part, Chapter 9, the goal problem and the inspiration problem are inseparable.

Golden sentence:

1. When the brain is in a normal state, you will have intuition and thoughts about almost everything that appears in front of you. When you don't know a person very well, you will know whether you like him or not. You don't know why you believe or don't believe a stranger; You haven't done any investigation and analysis, but you can feel that an enterprise will succeed. Sometimes, you can always answer some questions that you can't fully understand, and what is the basis of the answer, even you can't tell.

It is always difficult for us to find satisfactory answers to difficult questions quickly. At this time, the system 1 will find a related question to answer, which is easier to answer than the original question. I call this practice of answering one question and bypassing another one "substitution". "If you can't solve a problem, solve another simple problem-find this simple problem."

Summary: Sometimes people have intuition and ideas that they can't even explain; Sometimes you can replace difficult questions with simple ones.

Content: Part II Chapter 10 Law of Large Numbers and Law of Decimal Numbers

Golden sentence:

1. Compared with large samples, small samples are more prone to extreme results (high incidence and low incidence). In a sparsely populated county, the incidence of cancer is not really lower or higher than the normal level, but the county just caught up with the sampling survey in a special year.

2. We often exaggerate the compatibility and consistency of what we see, and think that this phenomenon is closely related to the halo effect through a limited number of observations. We often think we know a lot about a person, but in fact, we know very little about him.

It is definitely wrong to explain the causal relationship of accidental events.

Summary: The correct rate of small samples is not high, because the randomness is large and the detection base is small. We hope to make a reasonable explanation and causality for everything, but in fact, it is bound to be wrong to make causality for the sake of contingency.

Content: The second part, chapter 1 1, anchoring effect can be seen everywhere in life.

Golden sentence:

1. People's judgment is obviously influenced by numbers and has no information value. If someone asks you whether Gandhi died at an age greater than 1 14, you will estimate his death age higher than when the anchoring question is 35 (death).

2. My intuition tells me that anchoring is a hint. If someone only mentions something, but his words make us see, hear or feel it, this situation can be described as anchoring.

3. Subjects with anchor value will selectively make luxury brands (such as Mercedes-Benz and Audi) appear in their minds first, while those with low anchor value will make people think of some car brands with large sales volume (such as Volkswagen) first.

Summary: What gives you tips and references in life is the anchor value. The anchoring effect has a very serious impact on people, so we should always be alert to the anchors appearing in various occasions and not fall into the anchor trap. When the other side throws a rude anchor in the negotiation process, it is necessary to make a hullabaloo about and make a dash for the door to let the other side know that it is impossible to continue the negotiation if this value is taken as the benchmark.

Content: The second part, chapter 12, scientifically applies the effectiveness heuristic method.

Golden sentence:

1.60 divorce probability "or" (yes) a dangerous plant "and so on. We think this kind of self-questioning is a heuristic method. The answer to these questions is simple: if the search process is easy and smooth, the probability of judging these things will be very high.

We define usability heuristic method as the process of judging probability by "the difficulty of presenting an example in the brain".

2. The heuristic method of usability is to replace one problem with another: you want to estimate the size of a certain category or the frequency of an event, but you will mention how easy it is for you to come up with relevant examples.

3. A professor at UCLA found a clever way to make use of usability bias. He asked different groups of students to list ways to improve the curriculum, and asked different groups to list different numbers of ways. As he expected, students who list more improvement methods have higher evaluation of this course.

Summary: When you see a plane crash, you will feel that there are so many unpredictable things in the world, and taking the train has not really reduced the risk. This is the usability deviation. Because the usability deviation events in our own lives will affect our views on ourselves or others, but it is actually only a matter of probability.

Content: The second part, chapter 13, anxiety and risk policy design.

Golden sentence:

1. Example: Death due to illness is 18 times of accidental death, but the probability of both is considered equal.

Due to media reports, the estimate of the cause of death has changed. Reports tend to be biased towards fresh and sharp things. The media not only affects the public interest, but also is influenced by the public interest.

2. The utility cascade is a series of self-sustaining events, which may start with the media coverage of relatively small events, and then cause public panic and large-scale government actions. In some cases, media reports about certain risks can attract some public attention, which will turn into anger and anxiety. This emotional reaction itself is a kind of propaganda, which will prompt the media to follow up the report, and then make people more anxious and spread more widely.

3. Unusual events (such as carrion poisoning) will attract special attention, and people often underestimate the probability of such events. The world in our mind is not an accurate reflection of the real world; Our estimation of the frequency of events will also be affected by some factors, such as our exposure to this information and the intensity of personal feelings.

Ella is a chemical substance, which is sprayed on apples to adjust the growth cycle of apples and improve their appearance. It is reported that a large amount of this chemical will cause cancer in mice, which will cause panic. Event fermentation proves that there is a basic limit to our brain's ability to solve small risks: either completely ignoring risks or paying too much attention to risks, with no middle ground.

Summary: When judging a thing, people are easily influenced by positive or negative external information, and are prone to "probability neglect" and anxiety. The effectiveness of public communication and media reports is more likely to cause panic.

Lenovo: Look back on yourself and judge that things are easily influenced by the outside world. The reports of natural and man-made disasters such as stars and society are prone to cascade effects of the public and the media.