1, the difference in definition
Scale refers to a measuring tool to measure people's psychological activities through a set of predefined terms, symbols and numbers. It is defined as the process of using numbers (or other symbols) to represent a certain feature of an object, so that multiple numbers are used to represent different features of the object under investigation. Scale is a measuring tool, which can quantify the qualitative data of all our surveys.
Questionnaire, also known as questionnaire or inquiry form, is a printed document that systematically records the contents of the investigation in the form of questions. Questionnaires can be forms, cards or bookkeeping. Designing a questionnaire is the key to inquiry and investigation. A perfect questionnaire must have two functions, which can not only convey the questions to the interviewee, but also make the interviewee willing to answer them. To accomplish these two functions, the questionnaire design should follow certain principles and procedures and use certain skills.
2. Differences in organizational structure
① The scale needs theoretical basis, and the questionnaire only needs to meet the theme.
Usually, the compilation of scale is based on the theory put forward by scholars to determine its compilation structure. If the coach's leadership behavior scale is to be compiled, it can be compiled according to the sports situational leadership theory. The theory divides the coach's leadership behavior into five angles: training teaching behavior, democratic behavior, authoritative behavior, social support behavior and reward appreciation behavior, so the compiler can compile a leadership behavior scale with five subscales according to these five angles.
However, when compiling the questionnaire, as long as the researchers first make clear the topics to be studied, list the questions to be understood, and then arrange them in order.
② Each subscale of the scale should have a clear definition, but the questionnaire does not.
When compiling a scale, if there is no subscale, the compiler will directly explain the definition of this scale. If the scale includes several sub-scales, each sub-scale should be clearly defined. On the one hand, the writer can adapt to the theme of each sub-scale, on the other hand, the reader can understand what the sub-scales of this scale explain.
3. Difference in scores.
① The scale is scored according to each subscale, and the questionnaire is counted according to each topic unit.
If a scale has several subscales, its scoring method is based on each subscale. Since the scale is usually presented in the form of a point ruler, researchers only need to add up the scores of each question in the sub-scale. The questionnaire is different. It is based on a single topic, that is, the number of times is calculated by the various options of each question. ② The calculation unit of scale is score, and the calculation unit of questionnaire is frequency.
Because the scale adds the scores of each question to get a score, the score is a continuous variable. The questionnaire is based on the options of each question, and the result is the frequency distribution of each option, which is a discontinuous variable.
4. Differences in statistical analysis.
The scale has the correlation of mean, standard deviation and product moment in describing statistics; There are T-test, ANOVA, * * * variable analysis, regression analysis and so on in inferential statistic.
The questionnaire has frequency distribution and percentage when describing statistical data; There are chi-square tests in inference statistics (such as fitness test, percentage isomorphism test, independence test, significance test of change, etc.). ).
Simply put, the scale is more theoretical, while the essay is more research-oriented. When in different research situations, researchers can include relevant scales and demographic information needed to measure variables according to the needs of research content. So from this perspective, the questionnaire can also be understood as a reasonable combination of multiple scales according to the research content.
More comparisons are as follows:
1, criterion: concept
Scale: Scale refers to a measuring tool to measure people's psychological activities through a set of predefined terms, symbols and numbers. It is defined as the process of using numbers (or other symbols) to represent a certain feature of an object, so that multiple numbers are used to represent different features of the object under investigation. Scale is a measuring tool, which can quantify the qualitative data of all our surveys.
Questionnaires: Questionnaires, also known as questionnaires or inquiry forms, are printed copies that systematically record survey contents in the form of questions. Questionnaires can be forms, cards or bookkeeping. Designing a questionnaire is the key to inquiry and investigation. A perfect questionnaire must have two functions, which can not only convey the questions to the interviewee, but also make the interviewee willing to answer them. To accomplish these two functions, the questionnaire design should follow certain principles and procedures and use certain skills.
2. Standards: Similarities and differences between strictness and standardization.
Scale: Scale is a standardized measuring tool. It is very difficult to compile a scale, which usually takes several years and requires a lot of data collection. Due to strict writing, data processing is very easy.
Questionnaire: A questionnaire is a collection of questions that anyone can compile. The questions in it can be any type, open-ended, multiple-choice, ranking or fill-in-the-blank questions. But because of the freedom of writing, data processing is more difficult.
3. Judgement criteria: similarities and differences of compilation basis and purpose.
Scale: Scale is based on theory and structure. The compilation of the scale needs to be based on certain theoretical and conceptual significance, such as introversion and extroversion of personality. According to the introversion and extroversion of Jung's personality theory, some typical behaviors can be selected and then compiled. The scale often measures a conceptual theme or structure, and all the contents of the scale are related to this theme or a component of this theme.
Questionnaire: The questionnaire is based on the research purpose. The questionnaire is only based on the content of the survey. I want to investigate the self-evaluation of age, gender, income and personality. The questionnaire is also scattered. If you want to investigate and understand something, you can design any question. These problems may not have the same meaning and connection.
4. Criteria: Similarities and differences between answering questions and scoring methods.
Scale: the answer method of the scale is uniform, and the number of answer options and the answer method of each question are the same, such as the five-point scale. And the scales are almost all multiple-choice questions.
Questionnaire: Different questions in the questionnaire can be set with different options and different answers. Formally, the questionnaire includes single choice, multiple choice and open-ended questions.
5. Standard: Similarities and differences of statistical analysis methods.
Scale: Scale can generally be used to do factor analysis, and then form different factor scores. For factor score, because it is a continuous variable, we can do all kinds of advanced statistics, such as independent sample t-test, variance analysis, regression analysis and so on.
Questionnaire: the questions in the questionnaire are scattered, and only a single question can be analyzed, and they are all descriptive statistics (analysis frequency, score range, average value, etc. ), and some questions can be tested by chi-square.
6. Standards: Similarities and differences of standardization.
Scale: the scale is standardized and quantified in the process of compilation and statistical analysis, and generally needs to go through several links such as trial test, initial test and formal test, and is formed after item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (and confirmatory factor analysis), reliability and validity analysis, so it is highly scientific.
Questionnaires: Questionnaires are generally formed directly after some modifications to the questions in the early stage, and there is no standardized item analysis, factor analysis and reliability and validity analysis.