First of all, it is the "big thing" among the "small things": the steel blast furnace in Tieshenggou, Gongxian County, Henan Province.
Floor plan and section of Wafangzhuang 19 steel blast furnace
Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China people first refined pig iron, China's iron and steel smelting technology has made rapid progress. The Han Dynasty became the "climax" period of China smelting industry. At the same time, in the Roman Empire, until the 3rd century, there were only 32 smelters, and the largest ironmaking blast furnace was 1.6 meters high. There are as many as 160 iron smelting workshops discovered in Han dynasty, and the blast furnace is more than three meters long. The "Xingyang Iron Furnace" with a height of four meters and a volume of 50 square meters is even more shocking to the world. But compared with this kind of big guy, the relatively "pocket" steel blast furnace in Tieshenggou, Gongxian County, Henan Province proves the "high precision" of iron smelting in Han Dynasty.
Compared with the "general" Xingyang iron furnace, the steel blast furnace in Tieshenggou, Gongxian County, Henan Province has a much smaller furnace body. Moreover, the residual height of the oven door is only 0. 15 meters, and there are residual raw iron blocks on the furnace wall. At first glance, compared with the shocking discoveries of "blast furnace" and "iron fan" in the iron smelting field in Han Dynasty, this "steel blast furnace" is very inconspicuous, but it vividly proves an exclusive technology of the iron smelting industry in Han Dynasty: steel blast.
At that time, steelmaking was recognized as a high threshold in the iron smelting industry. For example, in the western countries of the same period, it is said that the iron smelting industry started earlier than China, but it was not until the Han Dynasty that it could only smelt "impure solid metal blocks". However, China, who broke through the threshold of pig iron smelting earlier, went further in the Han Dynasty: exploding steel, that is, after heating pig iron to 1200 Baidu, sprinkling ore powder and constantly stirring, thus "exploding" the high-quality steel needed to make weapons. Compared with the previous "steelmaking" technology, "steel explosion" can obtain a large amount of steel with higher efficiency.
The seemingly "humble" pig iron frying furnace in Gongxian County, Henan Province is the witness of the "hard core technology" in Han Dynasty recorded in ancient books. It is also with the popularization of "steel-blasting" technology that the army in the Han Dynasty began to "upgrade its equipment": before the emergence of steel-blasting technology, most of the buried weapons in the princes' tombs in the early Western Han Dynasty were made of bronze. After the popularization of steel frying technology, almost all the weapons unearthed in Chang 'an armory in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty were iron. From then on, the Han army wrapped in steel was full of domineering and aboveboard, and launched another dimension-reducing attack on the old enemy Xiongnu, killing the iron and blood of the Han Dynasty.
Compared with the "Steel Blasting Furnace" which witnessed the "scientific and technological revolution", another low-key picture also embodies another great industrial revolution in the Han Dynasty-1981Niu Geng Map, a stone relief of the Western Han Dynasty in Jinxiang County, Jining City, Shandong Province.
Among all kinds of Han Dynasty mural images that have been unearthed, the content of Niu Geng Map looks unremarkable: three people are manipulating two cows and plowing farmland. However, this scene, which may be very common in rural areas of Han Dynasty, is a major event in the history of world agricultural development: the coupling plough method of "two cows and three plows".
Speaking of agriculture in the Han Dynasty, later generations often talk about new farm tools with various technological breakthroughs. But the most important breakthrough is the breakthrough of farming technology represented by "coupled plough" method. In the mid-Western Han Dynasty, agronomist Zhao Guo first popularized the "coupled plough" method, and completed the farming task through the operation of three people in the way of "two cows carrying the burden". Such benefits are also immediate: the breeding depth is deeper, the breeding efficiency is higher, and the breeding cost of "two cows" is lower. In the contemporary world, this is a very high threshold: due to the limitations of agricultural tools and other technologies, Europeans needed 6 to 8 cows to plow an acre of land until the Middle Ages.
The output is far from the world: scholar Zhou Guolin made the most conservative estimate. In the Han Dynasty, an acre of farmland could yield 120 kg of wheat, 129 kg of rice and 165438 kg of millet. More than a thousand years later, that is, in Britain in the13rd century, the highest yield per mu of wheat was only 84kg. A simple comparison shows that behind the seemingly ordinary "Niu Geng Map" is a major breakthrough in the history of human agriculture. Such a breakthrough brought the agricultural data that the Han Dynasty was proud of. The glory of chasing souls north and the prosperity of the Silk Road all come from this self-confidence.
Compared with these two "gadgets", the following cultural relic is an out-and-out "gadget": the pottery boat model of the Eastern Han Tomb in the eastern suburb of Guangzhou.
Compared with those "great cultural relics" of the Han Dynasty, this cultural relic unearthed in the suburb of Guangzhou in 1955 is really pocket-sized: this "small ceramic model" nearly two thousand years ago is 54 cm long and1/0.5 cm wide, but its workmanship is very fine: the whole model is narrow in front and wide in back, and there are decks and small rooms, which are typical of the Han Dynasty. Moreover, in such a small ship, there are six lifelike pottery figurines in different positions on the ship. Such lovely objects also vividly confirmed the powerful craftsmanship of the pottery industry in the Han Dynasty. But more important than this is the historical information of shipbuilding industry in Han Dynasty.
Speaking of the history of the Han dynasty, later generations often talk about the glory of the cavalry sweeping the desert in the Han dynasty, or the lively exchanges on the Silk Road on land. However, in the eyes of foreign scholars such as Dupuy, the Han Dynasty was also an important period for the development of human shipbuilding industry, and even the "leading position in the world shipbuilding industry" fell into the hands of China in the Han Dynasty. This pottery boat model of Han Dynasty is a complete restoration of shipbuilding technology of Han Dynasty.
What is the level of shipbuilding technology represented by "pottery boat" in Han Dynasty? First of all, there are decks and superstructures on board. On this "pottery boat", the superstructure even accounts for three quarters. This was a very difficult threshold for the world shipbuilding industry at that time.
More importantly, this "pottery boat" not only has a deck, but also has a "bird's eye view", that is, the "outboard deck" as a passage, which can stabilize the hull during navigation. In addition, there are eight beams under the deck to ensure that the bottom of the ship can form a stable annular environment and enhance the ability to resist wind and waves. This structure is also the predecessor of "watertight compartment" technology in shipbuilding history, which was "unique" in China at that time.
Just looking at this "pocket" model, it is enough to see the continuous technological breakthroughs of ships in the Han Dynasty and the equally prosperous and powerful navigation industry in the Han Dynasty, which were ignored by later generations: Guangdong unearthed by this model was an important starting point of China's maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, big ships often set sail from xuwen county, Guangdong and Hepu County, Guangxi, breaking the waves all the way and reaching Madras, India and Sri Lanka as far as possible. Even at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Roman envoys came to Luoyang through this sea route, realizing the historic docking of two great countries that had been "friends with God" for a long time.
Behind a small "ship model", we witnessed not only the powerful shipbuilding technology of the Han Dynasty, but also the pioneering spirit of China people. Compared with the killing of Jin Ge and Ma Tie in the Han Dynasty, such an open mind is the most precious historical wealth for future generations!
References:
General History of Handicraft Economy in China, Estimation of Per-mu Yield in Han Dynasty, Promotion and Influence of Zhao's Couple Plow as Seen from Cultural Relics by Zhang, Preliminary Exploration of Iron Smelting Technology in Han Dynasty in Henan Province by Henan Provincial Museum, Brilliant Achievements of Metallurgical Industry in Han Dynasty by Zeng and Shipbuilding History of China by Longfei.
Author: Our team Zhang Ying.
As we all know, the Han Dynasty in China is a very glorious dynasty, and it is also a dynasty full of pride for future generations. It was another dynasty that unified China after the Qin Dynasty. The whole Han Dynasty was divided into two parts: the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. The ruling process is very strong. Both national strength and political culture are brilliant chapters of innovation. It is not a hollow name to say that "a powerful Han Dynasty flourished in the Tang Dynasty".
The Han Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty. During the Western Han Dynasty, its arsenal was dazzling. Take the capital Chang 'an as an example, the whole arsenal is equivalent to the area of 32 football fields. Let's not say how many, because you can't count them at all. Take the small armory in Donghai County as an example. There are 58 kinds of weapons for riding horses and chariots, totaling about 6.5438+million, while there are 654.38+ 0.20 kinds of weapons in the armory, adding up to more than 20 million kinds ... These are just the tip of the iceberg. If this is all, even if this is all,
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty personally recruited Xiongnu, went out from Yanmen and went north to Taiwan Province. Many scholars brought their own weapons and dry food to follow, surrendered to the Southern Xiongnu in World War I, and Liu Yuxin of Wei suffered a coup, so with the support of the Queen, they opened the Chang 'an armory, distributed weapons, and mobilized Chang 'an citizens to fight against the guards who came to counter-insurgency. The war lasted five days and five nights. Chang 'an is the capital of great men, and the capital is the best place. Still so brave, not afraid of death, not to mention the border people who have been fighting the Xiongnu for a long time.
The emperors of the Han Dynasty often asked messengers to bring back some rare treasures when they learned about the situation around the world. So an emissary found the blood BMW of Dawanguo and came back to tell Emperor Wu. After Emperor Wu knew about it, he asked people to exchange gold. Who knows that the people in Dawan country did not change, and our Emperor Wu directly sent troops to attack Dawan country.
Only a few dozen people were left in a battle in the Han Dynasty. Some people choose not to save, others choose to save, but in the end they sent an army of the Han Dynasty to bring back the remaining people and the dead souls of those soldiers!
Military strength is as important as soft power. It is the combination of strength, technology and social stability that enabled the Han Dynasty to stand on the land of China for more than 400 years.
1. Chen Tang said: Those who make a strong Han will be punished even if they are far away. Touch the soul and stay away from the enemy;
Second, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing made an expedition to avenge the Huns;
Third, there is a blood horse in the Western Region of Dawan, which was not sold to the Han Dynasty by King Dawan. So, the Han army marched west and attacked the capital, Dawan. King Dawan's men and nobles were so scared that they killed the king to meet the Han army. The Han army set up a new monarch and went back to slaughter Luntai and Yu, but Yu Wang was cut down by a junior young cavalry of the Han army, so he was scared to send envoys to worship.
Fourth, Loulan refused to obey the Han Dynasty, killed the envoys of the Han Dynasty and attacked the troops of the Han Dynasty. A diplomat named Fu Jiezi went to apologize and even killed the king. The king was killed in his own country. Although it is shameful, no one in Loulan dares to resist. Moreover, the name of the country was changed by Korea. From then on, it was not called Loulan, but Shanshan.
Fifth, Ma Yuan made an expedition to Vietnam and set up a bronze pillar in Vietnam, leaving behind the story of Marco Polo's remains. So far, Vietnam has been trembling with fear on the Ma Yuan issue.
Sixth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty destroyed Korea, Dongou, South Vietnam, Fujian and Vietnam, Yelang and other countries, which were inseparable territories of China at that time.
Seventh, the territory of the Han Dynasty basically covers all areas suitable for human survival in East Asia and Central Asia, starting from the Korean Peninsula in the east, reaching Fergana Valley in the west, Hetao and Lake Balkhash in the north, and reaching Vietnam in the south, occupying all the land suitable for cultivation under ancient technical conditions on the east coast of Eurasia;
Eighth, the Han dynasty mastered the core technology, "Hu Fubing is five, when Han Bing is one, which one? A blunt crossbow is not good. It's quite a coincidence to hear today, but it's still three plus one. " Therefore, Han soldiers can use one enemy against five or one enemy against three.
Zhi Zhi Khan did terrible things to the people, and great evil drove him to heaven. I prolonged my life, and I made Tang Jiang a righteous warrior ... I fell into a trap, defeated the enemy and beheaded Zhi Zhi and the famous king. It is appropriate to hang the barbarian mansion on Toucha Street to show that Wanli, who has committed a strong enemy of the Han Dynasty, will be punished from a distance.
How strong the Han Dynasty was, the most intuitive thing was that Shang Chen and Gan Yanshou, then the vice captain of the Western Regions' capital, sent troops privately to defeat the Xiongnu Khan and gave this passage to the emperor.
I won't talk about this historical background, because there are too many people talking about it, so there is no need to go into details.
However, there is a bright spot in this matter, that is, Shang Chen sent his troops by imperial edict, forcing Gan Yanshou to agree to this conquest.
The highlight is that the imperial edict is to behead! However, why did Shang Chen dare to correct this letter, but also dare to commit the following crimes and intimidate his boss?
Just because of the worship of the meritorious military service in the Han Dynasty, the wind of scholars was strong and fierce. The system of "sealing marquis for military service" promoted the spirit of martial arts and enterprising of intellectuals in Han Dynasty.
The bravery of intellectuals carried forward the fierce and powerful Chinese style.
So, when Shang Chen was sure to annihilate the enemy and spread the national prestige in a unique territory, he dared to take the opportunity to break the special line, make put in order's letters, and call the western region's wasteland soldiers and the military forces of his country to attack Khan's amazing event!
Because he knew that as long as the military service was established, the court would forgive him for correcting the imperial edict. Later, the facts were true.
Not rigid, pragmatic, martial, this is the strength of the Han Dynasty!
The reason why it is strong is that the national system has promoted the enthusiasm of intellectuals, and thus created a strong military-civilian style, which is the Han style! The country makes the people strong, and the people are strong, which in turn promotes the country.
The picture comes from the internet.
When the Han soldiers arrived, they dared not move, dare not move, and dare not destroy the country-Fu Jiezi.
How does it feel? This is what Fu Jiezi said to Minister Loulan with a knife when he went to the country of Loulan to kill the king. A man killed the king in someone's capital and said, don't move or die! By the way, the ministers of Loulan really didn't dare to move at last.
Those who openly commit crimes against the Han Dynasty will be punished even if they are far away-Chen Tang.
In fact, many people don't know this sentence because it is not in the history textbook. This is what Chen Tang said. At that time, the Hun Zhi Zhi Khan intercepted the Chinese ambassador, and the imperial edict and the army came a little slowly. Shang Chen assembled the garrison of the Han Dynasty in the Western Regions on the false imperial edict, and at the same time asked the western countries to send troops to join him, and then used this joint force to fight the Xiongnu. As a result, Zhi Zhi Khan's head was sent to Chang 'an, and this sentence was taken away.
In fact, if you read more history books, you will find that the Han Dynasty was very unreasonable. As long as the envoy is killed, he will be attacked by the Han army. As for what these envoys have done in these countries, they don't care at all. For example, the envoys of the Han Dynasty in South Vietnam not only had an affair with the Empress Dowager of South Vietnam, but also shamelessly tried to stage a coup and were killed. And then it was gone. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty simply sent troops to destroy South Vietnam.
So the Han Dynasty was really powerful, even a powerful pervert. After all, in 5000 years, the Han Dynasty was powerful.
I think the nationality on most people's ID cards says it all-a nation is named directly.
The status of the Han Dynasty was the most powerful dynasty (empire) in the world at that time.
If there is no strong national strength, this is bullshit, which shows the strength of the Han Dynasty.
At that time, there were four great powers in the world. They are Dahan Dynasty, Guishuang Empire, Rest Empire and Roman Empire. The Han Dynasty was considered as the strongest dynasty in the world at that time.
Ban Chao's sister Ban Zhao is also one of the top ten talented women in the history of China. Ban Chao's victory over Gui Shuang only shows the strength of the Han Dynasty.
At that time, the population and territory of the Han Dynasty surpassed that of the Roman Empire, another recognized power.
The population of the Han Dynasty was more than 60 million, that of the Western Han Dynasty was about 63 million, and that of the Eastern Han Dynasty was about 65 million, accounting for one third of the world population at that time. The population of the Roman Empire peaked at around 60 million, but the data is debatable.
Because the Han dynasty was nearly 200 million square kilometers bigger than Rome (the highest peak of the Han dynasty was more than 6.8 million square kilometers, close to 7 million. The Roman Empire was only close to 5 million square kilometers).
The development of Egypt today is not a little better than that of Rome around 2000. Grain productivity will only be stronger than before, but it still can't satisfy self-sufficiency. How did Rome feed so many people at that time? Even if the grain productivity of Rome at that time was the same as that of Egypt today, it could not feed 100 million people or even 60 million people. It can be inferred that the population of Rome at that time would not exceed 50 million.
It can also be confirmed from the number of troops that the peak of Roman troops was about 400 thousand. When the population of the Qin dynasty was not as large as that of the Han dynasty, there were millions of troops, and the number of troops in the Han dynasty peaked at more than one million.
At that time, the strength of the Han Dynasty was the strongest among the four empires and the strongest country in the world. We can also see the strength of the Han Dynasty from one thing. The Silk Road in Han Dynasty connected commerce and trade between Asia and Europe.
At that time, there was a country in the western regions called Loulan, which was later renamed Shanshan by the Han Dynasty.
The Han Dynasty was the reign of Emperor Hanzhao. After this incident, an official named Fu Jiezi recommended himself to Loulan to plead guilty. This problem exposed the power of the Han Dynasty.
Fu Jiezi went to Loulan alone to cheat on the grounds of rewarding Loulan Wang, and then stabbed him to death. And said:
The others in Loulan know that the King was killed and want to kill Fu Jiezi to avenge the King. After that, Fu Jiezi said something very domineering:
When this was said, no one in Loulan country dared to move. So Fu Jiezi cut off the head of King Loulan and returned it to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty also established a new king for Loulan and renamed it Shanshan. Fu Jiezi was later named Hou Yiyang.
This incident can reflect the strength of the Han Dynasty. This Fu Jiezi's courage and courage, Chen Han has to say that there is nothing wrong. The envoys of the Han Dynasty made such a domineering move because the Han Dynasty was powerful.
The messenger killed the king and changed the name of the country. It also confirms the sentence "People who make me strong, though far away, will be punished"!
Although it is far away, it will be punished!
Ran Yan Xerox is synonymous with the highest achievement of China's ancient military exploits after the appearance of sealing wolves to occupy a professional position. Both of them are from the Han Dynasty. One is Huo Qubing and the other is Dou Xian.
There is also the eldest brother of the Chinese expeditionary force: the eldest brother of the educated youth who joined the army.
After seeing me, the Han army finally came to an end, and the weak crown department invited you to wear Changying. If you don't see me, the class will be far away, and you will rush to the clouds! A man should be dangerous, so why not let the Confucian crown miss this life? The situation is critical, and the feather fights endlessly! Abandoning old pens, remembering wartime success, he called hundreds of thousands of comrades-in-arms and joined the army singing battle songs. Join the army, clean Chen Hu, and swear to clean Japanese slaves regardless of their health!
Huo Qubing who sealed the wolf professionally, and Dou Xian who gave him the stone. Ban Chao who abandoned his pen and joined the army. People who make me strong, though far away, will be punished. Thirteen soldiers belong to Yumen. All this happened in the Han Dynasty. So far, it has been talked about by Chinese people, and they are all passionate.
It is enough to intuitively explain the power of the Han Dynasty!
The power of the Han dynasty. It marks a national cultural revolution. The founding emperor of the Han Dynasty was Liu Bang. He is neither a noble nor a prince. Just an ordinary person. But he has a heart of understanding and tolerance, and unites all nations and people that can be United. From the Mangdang Mountain Uprising to the Chu attack on Qin Dou, we arrived in Xianyang without bloodshed with understanding and tolerance. Later, he defeated the overlord of Chu and established the Han Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty invented papermaking and improved the conditions for writing articles. It has also created an open selection system for selecting talents. The civil service public election system is different from the imperial examination system. Let's just say that the imperial examination is like an Olympic competition. Wen is like a Nobel Prize. Writing is writing articles and papers, and then making a selection. The article of a hundred schools of thought contended was shortlisted for the Han Dynasty. Buddhist culture was introduced into the Han Dynasty. This is a great national cultural revolution. That's why we have the terms Chinese characters, Chinese characters, Chinese characters and Han people. This is a national revolution. Before that, from the next dynasty to the Qin dynasty. Princes and nobles testified against them.