1867165438+1October 7th
Born in a middle school teacher's family in Shashi, Wang Guohua. Father Uradislav Skolodowska is a middle school math teacher, and mother Brogny Slova Boguska Skolodowska is the principal of a boarding school for girls. The baby's name is Mabya Sklodowska. Maria, who traveled for the fifth time, has three sisters and one brother, namely Sophie, Broger Shirava, Helena and her brother Joseph.
At that time, Poland was ruled by Russian czar Alexander II (1818-1881).
1868 One year old
His father Scolo Dovski is the assistant principal of Novolipki public middle school. My mother was weak and suffered from lung disease, so she had to resign as the headmaster of a girls' school.
The whole family moved out of the house on Frida Road where they had lived for eight years.
1873 Six years old
Father was demoted and his salary was reduced by the Russian authorities. In order to subsidize their families, boarding students are admitted to study at home. There were only two or three people at first, and then it increased to ten people.
Maria went to a private boarding school, and the principal was Ms. Lucy Kolska.
1879 ——1878 Nine and eleven years old.
Elder sister (1876) suffered from typhus, and mother (1878) died of lung disease for a long time.
188 1 year 14 years old
Leave boarding school and transfer to a public middle school managed by Russia.
Russian Tsar Alexander II was assassinated and Alexander III (1844- 1894) ascended the throne.
1882 Fifteen years old
Pierre curie, a young French scholar (1born on May 5, 859, aged 23), was employed by the Paris Institute of Physics and Chemistry as the director of the physics laboratory.
He and his brother Jacques Curie invented the Curie electrometer.
1883 Sixteen years old
June: Graduation from middle school. Public middle schools, especially German teacher Bast Martin and supervisor Ms. Meyer, stubbornly carry out the national oppression policy of the Russian authorities.
After graduation, I went to the countryside in southern Poland to spend my holiday with my relatives. Sometimes I will cross the border with my friends to play in the mountains of Galicia, so that I can speak Polish loudly and sing Polish songs loudly.
1884 seventeen years old
September: Back to Warsaw. Tutoring in the city.
Participate in the "mobile university" where Polish patriotic youth meet in secret regularly, attend lectures, do scientific experiments and serve as literacy workers.
1886 Nineteen years old
June 65438+ 10: Worked as a tutor in Proch, Stochuki and Sobote. In order to help my second sister Broni Shirava go to Paris for further study (Warsaw university does not accept girls), I saved money for her further study.
189 1 24 years old
September: Go to Paris to study.
165438+1October: entered the physics department of Sorbonne University (Paris University).
1893 Twenty-six years old
July: Passed the bachelor's degree examination in physics.
She won the "Alexander Scholarship" of 600 rubles in Warsaw, which solved her financial difficulties and enabled her to continue studying in France.
Pierre curie invented the accurate weightless balance-Curie balance.
June+10/October, 65438: British physicist Thomson (Lord Kelvin,1824-1907) visited Curie across the ocean.
1894 Twenty-seven years old
Accept the paid task of the State Council Industry Promotion Association to study the magnetism of steel to supplement the research fee.
April: With the introduction of Joseph kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at the University of Voorburg, I met pierre curie in order to make use of the well-equipped laboratory led by Curie.
July: Pass the bachelor's degree examination in mathematics.
Received pierre curie's paper "On Symmetry Principle in Physical Phenomena: Symmetry Principle of Electric Field and Magnetic Field".
Pierre curie found that the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature (T), which was originally called Curie's Law. 1907 French physicist Weiss refined it after further research and named it Curie-Weiss law. Equation: x = c/(t-q) The transition temperature of ferromagnetic materials is called Curie point (q). When it reaches this temperature, it loses its ferromagnetism and is paramagnetic.
Russian Tsar Nicholas II (1868- 19 18) acceded to the throne.
1895 Twenty-eight years old
March: pierre curie (36 years old) passed the doctor's degree examination, and his thesis was entitled Magnetism of Matter at Various Temperatures. Professor of physical chemistry.
April: Leapman read Mary Skoro Dovska's paper "Radioactivity of Uranium and Thorium Compounds" at the Academy of Sciences.
July 26th: Marie Curie and pierre curie get married in the Paris suburb of Sotheby's.
Marie Curie is a teacher in a girls' middle school.
65438+February: Roentgen (1845— 1923), president of the University of Wü rzburg and a German physicist, discovered X-rays and submitted three research reports, including the Preliminary Report on a New Ray. This kind of ray is customarily called "Roentgen ray", but later it is usually called X-ray.
1896 Twenty-nine years old
March: French physicist Beaucreux (1852— 1908) studied uranium salts and discovered the radioactivity of uranium, which is called Beaucreux ray.
August: Mary passed the teacher title examination for college graduates.
With the support of Schuzenberg (1827—1897), Dean of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Mary got a job in the school physics laboratory, working with Buel (the director of the room).
Swedish chemist Nobel (1833— 1896) died.
1897 Thirty years old
Paper: magnetization of tempered steel.
September 12: Irene Curie was born in Chang 'an.
Curie's mother died.
1898 thirty-one years old
Discovery of thorium radioactivity: German chemist Schmidt (1865- 1949) also made his own discovery at the end of last year or early this year.
July: The Curies proposed to the Academy of Sciences that there was a new radioactive substance in pitchblende, claiming that a new radioactive element No.84 was found, which was 400 times stronger than uranium and similar to bismuth. Madame Curie suggested that polonium should be named after her native Poland.
Since then, the Curies have worked closely together to establish the earliest radiochemistry working method.
65438+February: The Curies and their colleague Belmont proposed to the Academy of Sciences that there is a new radioactive substance in pitchblende, indicating the discovery of a new element, element 88, which is one million times more radioactive than uranium and named radium.
Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium was published in the Polish monthly Svay Artero in Warsaw.
1899 32 years old
At the suggestion of Xu Si (1831-1914), a communication academician of the French Academy of Sciences and a professor of geology at the University of Vienna, the Vienna Academy of Sciences accepted a gift from the Austrian government after negotiation, and received a ton of pitchblende residue from the St. Joachimstol mine in the Czech Republic for refining pure radium.
Three papers: research on induced radioactivity (collaborator: De Billner), laser chemical action, and charge caused by radioactivity at the same time.
When studying radium, Madame Curie found that air produced ozone under the action of radiation, and noticed that radiation colored glass and porcelain, which led to the establishment of radiation chemistry and the study of chemical reactions caused by radiation.
Distribute radium to Rutherford, Bockeler, Willard (1860- 1934), Paulson and other scientific and medical people for use.
65438+1October: Boer student and chemist De Beer Na (1874- 1949) used ammonium hydroxide and rare earth elements * * * to separate the third new radioactive element actinide contained in pitchblende. He later took part in the work of refining pure radium.
Atomic physicist Rutherford (1871-1937) discovered what he called laser gas and thorium emanation, that is, radioactive inert gas radon. Soon Dunn of Germany (1848-? ) Laser gas was also found in 1900. Rutherford distinguished alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays according to the penetrating power of radioactive rays.
German physicists elster (1854- 1920) and Geitel (1855- 1923) discovered the decay law of emitted particles.
French Jewish officer Dreyfus (1859- 1935) was wronged, and writer Zola (1840- 1902) published "I accuse" and demanded acquittal. Pierre curie took part in the above struggle, defended justice and protested against the government's misjudgment.
0900 65438+33 years old
March: Buel got the position of tutor in comprehensive technical school.
Mary teaches physics at Seville Girls' Normal School in southwest Paris.
Mary's paper on atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds.
The Curies read a paper on new radioactive substances and their emission lines at the International Physics Society in Paris.
10: On the recommendation of Peng (1854— 19 12), Boer gave a lecture on physics, chemistry and natural history to medical students at Sorbonne University.
Two German scholars, Valkov and Gizer, claimed that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. Later, it was confirmed by the Curies that laser rays would burn the skin.
190 1 34 years old
The Curie couple's paper "On Radioactive Elements".
Pierre curie and De Beer Na's paper "On Induced Radioactivity Caused by Radium Salt". Pierre curie and Becquerel's paper "The Physiological Function of Laser Ray".
The Swedish Academy Science Nobel Prize Committee began to award prizes according to the Nobel will. German physicist wilhelm rontgen won the 190 1 year physics prize for the first time for his discovery of x-rays.
1902 Thirty-five years old
After three years and nine months of refining, the Curies separated a trace (one gram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, and the atomic weight of radium was determined to be 225. The exact number was 226.
Mary's paper on the atomic weight of radium.
Boolean's paper "On the Absolute Calculation of Time".
Boer's student (1888) Lang Zhiwan (1872-1946) worked under his teacher and studied magnetism until 1904 transferred to the French Academy of Sciences.
German chemist mcwhorter independently discovered telluride, which was later identified as polonium.
Russian chemist Deyev (1834— 1907) visited the laboratory to discuss radioactive infighting.
1903 Thirty-six years old
June: Mary submitted her doctoral thesis "Research on Radioactive Substances" to Sorbonne University, and obtained a doctor of science degree.
Bull's paper "On Induced Radioactivity and Laser Gas". In their paper "On the Heat Released by Radium Salts", Buel and Laborde noticed that radium compounds were heating up continuously, with 100 calories per gram of radium per hour.
10 June10: China writer Lu Xun published an article on radium for the first time under his pseudonym in the eighth issue of Zhejiang Tide published in Tokyo. In this paper, Madame Curie is translated as "Madame Coulee". This is an old translation of radium.
65438+February: The Nobel Prize Committee of Swedish Academy announced that this year's Nobel Prize in Physics would be awarded to Henri Becquerel and Curie, in order to reward the former for his discovery of natural radioactivity and the latter for his research on natural radium radiation.
1904 37 years old
65438+1October: Radium magazine was founded, with Danne as its editor (1872—1935). Dana conducted research in 190 1 under the guidance of Buel.
Buel and biologist Bouchard (1837-1915) (Baltashar) wrote the paper "Physiological Function of Laser Gas". This research later led to the invention of Curie therapy, which is radium therapy.
Buel and Labold's paper "On the Radioactivity of Gases Emitted from Hot Springs".
Summer: Boer suffers from rheumatism and can't go to Sweden to receive the prize. Later, the Swedish side handed the Nobel Prize, medals and bonuses (equivalent to 70,000 francs) to the French minister.
10: Li Yaer, president of Monsolben University (Buel), recommended him as the newly established official professor of physics lectures in the Faculty of Science.
165438+1October: Mary is the director of the physics laboratory of the Faculty of Science, Sorbonne University.
65438+February: The second daughter Eve Curie was born.
1905 38 years old
June: The Curies went to the Swedish Academy in Stockholm to meet the requirement that Nobel Prize winners must accept the prize and give academic speeches in person.
July: Boolean was elected as an academician of French Academy of Sciences.
1906 Thirty-nine years old
April 19: 47-year-old Buel was run over by a truck.
Mary refused to accept the national pension offered by the Ministry of Education as the widow of the professor in her former residence.
May: I am employed by the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University to replace Professor Boer in the physics course, with an annual salary of 10000 francs. 165438+ 10 started the lecture on modern theory of the relationship between electricity and conductive materials.
July 10: Langevin's brief introduction to Mr. Curie's works is published in Monthly Review.
1907 Forty years old
Madame Curie managed to accept five or six graduate students. Accept three Carnegie Scholarships within two years.
Purified radium chloride was obtained, and the atomic weight was 226.
And friends Lang Zhiwan, Peihan (1870- 1942) and other children's classes, guiding about eight or nine children of scientists such as Irina Curie and Frances Peihan to study for two years. Langevin teaches mathematics, Mary teaches physics, Peihan teaches chemistry, Henry Mudun teaches natural history, and Mrs Peihan teaches literature and history.
1908 4 1 year
Preface the Collected Works of pierre curie and trace the author's achievements. This book was commissioned by the French Physical Society by Langevin (and Chenneveau? ) edited and published in Paris.
Be promoted to professor.
1909 42 years old
The German paper "Atomic Weight of Radium" was published in Volume 38 of Journal of Radioenergy and Electronics.
Irina Curie entered an ordinary school.
19 10 years old 43 years old
February: Bull's father, Dr. Eugene Curie, died.
The paper "On Polonium" co-authored with De Beer Na was published in Radium magazine.
On radioactivity is published in two volumes.
Pure radium was extracted and its physical and chemical properties were determined. The half-lives of radon and other elements were also measured, and the systematic relationship of radioactive element transformation was sorted out.
September: Attended the radiology conference in Brussels, Belgium. Planck, Einstein, Rutherford and Langevin all participated.
Publish the radioactive coefficient table.
He was ordered to prepare 2 1 mg of metal radium, sealed in a small test tube and stored in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris.
19 1 1 44 years old
June 5438+10: I accepted my friend's suggestion and ran for the French Academy of Sciences. Many decent scientists and just social people warmly support them. On June 9, 65438, on the day of the college qualification examination, the Paris newspaper Refine published a photo and handwriting of Marie Curie on the front page, expressing the public's earnest desire. In the end, due to the opposition of die-hards and some people in the hospital, they lost by one vote.
June 5438+ 10: Attend the 2nd Solvay Quantum Conference in Brewer.
65438+February: The Swedish Academy Science Prize Committee announced that this year's chemistry prize would be awarded to Marie Curie for her discovery of the chemical properties of radium and polonium, which promoted chemical research.
Go to Stockholm to receive the prize and give an academic speech. Widowed sister Bronis Lava is accompanied by her eldest daughter.
19 12 forty-five years old
May: Receive the delegation of Polish professors. The delegation brought a letter from Polish writer Wei Zhi (1846— 19 16), and Madame Curie agreed to guide the establishment of a radiology laboratory in Warsaw.
65438+February: Hospitalized due to illness.
The paper Radiometric Measurement and Radium Standard was published in the second issue of Journal of Physics.
To La Nion and Saint Louis in Brittany, the western end of France.
19 13 46 years old
Summer: After undergoing kidney surgery, I went to Britain for recuperation at the invitation of my British friend Mrs. Elton.
Attend the meeting of British society in Birmingham. Meet Rutherford. Rutherford 19 10 After meeting Madame Curie in Brussels, she mentioned in her letter at home that "she looks pale and exhausted, looks much older than her age, works too hard and is weak. In short, it's really hard to see her. "
The paper "Radiation of Radioactive Objects" was published.
Go to Warsaw to attend the inauguration ceremony of the radiation laboratory.
1965438+47 years old in 2004
July: The Institute of Radium Science, which was established at the suggestion of Dr. Luo, director of Pasteur Institute, built a laboratory for biology and Curie therapy, namely the Curie Building. Madame Curie is a member of the board of directors of the institute.
The paper "Radioactive Elements and Their Classification" was published in the Monthly Review.
July: World War I broke out.
One gram of valuable experimental radium (value100000 francs,150000 dollars) was sealed in a 50-pound lead tank and kept in the bank vault in case of war.
Appointed by the French Women's Association (French Red Cross), he is responsible for the work of the Radiation Department, guiding the X-ray photography work in various places and cooperating with the battlefield rescue.
1965438+48 years old in 2005
From the physics laboratory of Sorbonne University to the radiation laboratory of Radium Institute.
Traveling all over the world, guiding 18 field medical service teams.
19 16 49 years old
In the Institute of Radium Science, a crash course in radiology was set up for health workers to teach doctors how to find the position of foreign bodies (such as shrapnel) in the human body, which was praised by the allied military.
Irene (19 years old) and Marsh Klein (later Mrs Buel Weiss) were accepted as assistants.
1965438+50 years old in 2007
May: Meet with British friends Rutherford and Bridge (Lieutenant Colonel of the Royal Navy) and Langevin and Peihan. The latter participated in the British-French Joint Commission on behalf of the British government and went to the United States via France to discuss the military scientific cooperation plan of the three countries.
America went to war.
1965438+May 20081year
Report radioactive elements, their principles and applications to the Radioactive Materials Committee of the Ministry of Military Supplies.
To investigate radioactive material resources in northern Italy.
Irena Curie served as the designated assistant (located between the gates of Pr! a Rateurd).
Continue to train X-ray technicians for the army, including holding training courses for American military doctors who participated in the war.
165438+1October: the war ended and the allies won.
Poland regained its independence.
1965438+52 years old in 2009
Return to Radium Science Institute to guide the laboratory work.
Thirdly, it is required to receive training from researchers from various countries, and guidance from non-governmental organizations and individuals from various countries.
From the beginning of this year until her death, this laboratory has submitted 483 reports and 34 papers, and she personally participated in 365,438+0 studies.
1920 53 years old
The Curie Foundation was established at the initiative of the French chaebol Viscount Henri de Rothschild. This year, funds were allocated to support the Institute of Radium Science.
May: Mrs. maloney, editor-in-chief of Descriptor, a women's magazine in new york, USA (? -1943) Interview with Madame Curie. After returning home, American women and people donated money to help Madame Curie solve the problem of radium deficiency in experimental research.
192 1 54 years old
According to wartime notes, it was written as "Radiology and War" and published in Paris.
March 8th: Meeting with Cai Yuanpei, President of Peking University. Cai arrived in Paris on her way to study abroad and invited Madame Curie to give a lecture in Peking University. Answer: "I can't go this time. I'll look for it later in the summer vacation." It didn't succeed.
May: Mother and daughter traveled across the ocean to the United States and received one gram of radium (current price:100000 USD) from Marie Curie Committee, the fundraising committee of Marie Curie Radium Fund in the United States. The presentation ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, and was presided over by US President Harding.
To Philadelphia, accept 5% new thorium (samarium); She gave her first piezoelectric timepiece to the American Philosophical Association.
On Isotopes and Isotopic Elements was published in Paris.
1922 55 years old
February: Elected as an academician of Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.
May: At the invitation of Sir Eric drummond, Secretary General of the League of Nations established after World War I, he participated in the International Cultural Cooperation Committee established last year. The first member was later elected as the vice chairman. To this end, I often go to Geneva to attend meetings.
1923 56 years old
July: He suffered from cataract and underwent eye surgery, but he did not recover. Later, three operations were performed in 1924 and 1930.
Write a glossary for the encyclopedia Britannica.
Write the biography of pierre curie (1 10, published in 1924).
At the request of Mrs. Malone, I wrote a summary of my life.
1924 57 years old
Sorbonne University held a commemorative meeting to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium.
March: De Beer published "Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Radium Discovery" in Chemistry and Industry.
The French government and parliament gave Madame Curie 40,000 francs.
Year-end: Friedrich iorio (1900 ——1958), a student introduced by Langzhiwan, took part in laboratory work as a research assistant. He was originally in poitiers Artillery School and participated in the Auberville Project with the rank of second lieutenant.
1925 58 years old
Returning to Warsaw, he laid the foundation for the Radium Science Research Institute and served as honorary director.
Wang Weike, a translator from China, listened to Madame Curie's lecture when he was studying at the University of Paris.
1926 59 years old
June 65438+10: The eldest daughter Irina Curie married Friedrich Aurio. After marriage, Iorio took the Yue family name and adopted the compound surname: Joliot-Curie.
Madame Curie's Polish paper "Chemical Properties of Polonium" was published in Warsaw.
1927 Sixty years old
Attended the 5th Solvay Conference in Brussels, and made supplementary comments on the report of American physicist Compton (1892- 1962), which will be included in the volume Electrons and Photons next year.
The staff of Radium Research Institute often suffer from stomach pain, hair loss (such as Mrs. Courter) and burns on both hands (such as Mrs. Curie), which attracts people's attention. Start taking protective measures.
1928 61 years old
Joliot-Curie's first paper was published in the Report of the Academy of Sciences.
1929 62 years old
I went to the United States to accept another gram of radium presented by the Warsaw Radium Institute on behalf of the American people. President Hoover presided over the award ceremony.
Mother-daughter thesis "The Decay of Radium D"
Autumn: Shih-Yuan Sze, the first graduate of Physics Department of Tsinghua University, China, was admitted to the laboratory to study the radiochemical properties of actinide polonium.
Zheng (1906— 1944) is also the direct director of Madame Curie in Chinese physics. After returning to China, Zheng joined the Radium Institute of Beijing Research Institute.
Eve Curie's "A Visit in Wartime" describes that when she visited China's Anti-Japanese War rear area, she talked about Madame Curie's respect and concern for China students.
1930 63 years old
I applied to the French government for special research funds and got 500,000 francs.
Joliot-Curie published his doctoral thesis "Electrochemistry of Polonium".
Madame Curie's thesis "On Actinium".
The Life and Contribution of Peter Julie, written by Zheng, a student studying in China, was published in the journal of China Science Alumni Association of Paris University.
193 1 64 years old
Go to Warsaw to preside over the unveiling ceremony of Radium Institute.
During this period, there were about twenty or thirty researchers in the Radium Institute in Paris, including Radium 1.5g and Polonium 200 mCurie.
Winter: Lang Zhiwan visited China and went to Beiping and Hangzhou, which was welcomed by the physical and chemical circles.
1932 65 years old
Submitted a paper "The relationship between the three kinds of rays of radioactive objects and the atomic structure" to the International Institute of Electrical Engineering.
August: The Chinese Physical Society was founded, and Lang Zhiwan was an honorary member.
65438+February: Hosted the defense of Shih-Yuan Sze's thesis with Pei Han and De Beer Na. Shi 1979 published "In memory of Madame Curie" in Guangming Daily, with photos of defense.
1933 66 years old
He went to Madrid, Spain to attend the meeting of the Committee for International Cultural Cooperation, and was elected chairman, calling on all countries to defend science and culture.
65438+1late October: I went to the 7th physics conference in Gasol with Joliot-Curie and his wife.
65438+February: Suffering from gallstones.
1934 67 years old
The book "Radioactivity" (two volumes) has been written and will be published next year.
Iorio Curie and his wife discovered artificial radioactivity under the guidance of Madame Curie. Madame Curie felt physically and mentally exhausted, but it was a new comfort to see the progress of laboratory research and the achievements of the second generation she cultivated. She predicted that her daughter and her husband would win the Nobel Prize for their achievements, and sure enough, they won the prize next year.
June: Stay in Sanseromo sanatorium in Haute Savoie province.
July 4th: Died of pernicious anemia (caused by radium) in a sanatorium.
July 6th: Buried in Curie's Tomb in Paris. Her brother (Joseph Scollo Dovski) and sister (Bronis Lava de Luska) spilled dirt from Poland on the grave.
July 7: Cai Yuanpei, President of Academia Sinica, sent a message of condolence.
Yan Jici, director of the Radium Research Institute of Peiping Research Institute, wrote an article: "Mourning Madame Curie", which was published in Ta Kung Pao Science Weekly and reprinted in the eighth issue of Volume 18 of Science Monthly compiled by China Science Society (1007- 12, 1934).
De Beer took over as director of Curie Laboratory until Irina Joliot-Curie took over in 1946.