Abstract: Relative cost is a factor that affects the change of industrial structure from the supply side, and it is an index of comprehensive comparative benefit of various production factors. Industries with relatively high costs are likely to have no advantage in relative national income, unable to attract resources to this sector, and this industrial sector cannot expand rapidly.
Keywords: science and technology; economic development
1 Science and technology is an important factor to promote the development of productive forces.
1. 1 Technology has fundamentally changed the machine system.
In the early days of machine use in the19th century, the machine system consisted of three parts: transmission machine, engine, machine tool or working machine. In the development of computer science and technology, it enters the machine system as a part of the machine, adding automatic control and adjustment devices to the traditional machine system, and transforming the batch production of the machine into full-automatic batch production. The overall automation of production can use machines to control machines, and also allow humans to make machines with machines. Machines have replaced some functions of the human brain, as well as heavy manual labor, so that people have more energy and wisdom to participate in more creative labor. According to foreign statistics, the ratio of physical labor to mental labor in the early stage of mechanized materialized production is 9 ∶1; At the medium level of mechanization, it is 6 ∶ 4; When highly mechanized, it is 1∶9.
1.2 Science and technology have fundamentally changed the object of work.
With the development of science and technology, synthetic materials are increasing to various materials at an annual rate of about 5%; It can also enable human beings to explore the breadth and depth of developing and utilizing natural resources. There are more than 8 million kinds of known synthetic compounds in the world, and they are increasing at the rate of 250,000 kinds every year, especially new alloy materials, amorphous metals and superconducting metal materials. Their unique and excellent characteristics have revolutionized the working object.
2 Science and technology is the fundamental driving force for the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure
The proportional relationship and the form of mutual connection between industries in a country's national economic system are what we call industrial structure. 169 1 year, Petty in Britain put forward the classification method of three industries, using the concepts of commerce, agriculture and industry. Fisher of New Zealand clearly used the concepts of primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry to analyze industrial structure for the first time in 1935. Since then, Clark has clearly defined the connotation of three industries, thinking that the primary industry refers to agriculture, including all animal husbandry; The secondary industry refers to industry; The tertiary industry, also known as service industry, mainly includes construction, transportation, communication, commerce, finance, national defense and administrative departments, as well as private family services. Industries can be divided into labor-intensive industries, capital-intensive industries and knowledge-intensive industries (technology-intensive industries). In addition, there are sunrise industries (or emerging industries) and sunset industries (or traditional industries) in western academic circles. The optimization and upgrading of industrial structure is the foundation of economic growth, while science and technology are the fundamental driving force for the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure.
2. 1 Science and technology improve labor productivity and labor transfer, thus promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure.
With the development of economy, the relative proportion of national income and labor force in the secondary industry has gradually increased, while the relative proportion of national income and labor force in the primary industry has gradually decreased; With the further development of economy, the relative proportion of national income and labor force in the tertiary industry has also begun to rise. Is this based on ranking? Clark theorem. When the production scale remains unchanged, the required labor force in the production field is inversely proportional to technology, and the labor force gradually drifts away from the technologically advanced departments, and then shifts to the emerging industries and service departments with rising demand, thus shifting the industrial focus to the secondary and tertiary industries, thus promoting the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, the first technological revolution marked by the widespread use of steam engines gradually transformed the industrial structure dominated by agriculture into that dominated by textiles in some European and American countries. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, the second technological revolution marked by the application of electric power not only accelerated the development of the original mining and steel industries in some European and American countries, but also formed a series of emerging industries such as electric power, electrical appliances, petroleum, chemicals, automobiles and airplanes. Since the middle of the 20th century, the modern technological revolution with microelectronics as the core has made the relative proportion of the primary industry in the national income tend to decrease, the relative proportion of the secondary industry in the national income has gradually decreased, while the relative proportion of the tertiary industry in the national income has developed rapidly.
2.2 Science and technology make the relative cost change, and then promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure.
Relative cost is a factor that affects the change of industrial structure from the supply side, and it is an index of comprehensive comparative benefits of various production factors. Industries with relatively high costs are likely to have no advantage in relative national income, unable to attract resources to this sector, and this industrial sector cannot expand rapidly. Although there are many factors that affect the relative cost, the most important factor is technological progress. Scientific and technological progress has improved the input quality of material resources and human resources, provided new production methods and tools, significantly reduced production costs and greatly improved production efficiency. However, due to the different speed of technological progress in various industrial sectors, the relative costs of various industries are also different, which leads to differences among industrial sectors. Uneven growth rate of productivity? Phenomenon. It is this difference in productivity growth rate that promotes the change and upgrading of industrial structure. With the development of science and technology, the pillar industries in the world industrial structure have changed from heavy chemical industry, agriculture, high-processing industry and textile industry to technology-intensive industries.
refer to
1, research and practice of teaching reform of technical economics; Deng; Chen Qiuhua; Wu; Cao Renwen; Higher agricultural education 2006-03-30
2, SME technological innovation funding gap and its economic analysis Ma, Ruan Scientific Research Management 2004-05-20
Fan Wener: Comprehensive evaluation of smart grid technology and economy Abstract: The characteristics of smart grid include: clean and low carbon. As an efficient and environmentally friendly energy system, smart grid can improve the efficiency of energy production, conversion, transmission and utilization. Improve the safety, economy, cleanliness and environmental friendliness of energy.
Keywords: smart grid; technical economy
First, the key technologies and economic issues of smart grid
The construction of smart grid is a major systematic project, which not only has development mode problems to be solved, but also has key technical and economic problems. China's smart grid should be a powerful one, and UHV and smart substations will be the biggest challenges. Its construction should cover six links: power generation, transmission, substation, distribution, electricity consumption, dispatching and communication. Among them, the problems in power generation include the economy of renewable resources, the optimal planning of power generation system and the optimal choice of various power generation modes. Transmission link problems include the optimal selection of transmission network and the economy of transmission network operation. Demand adjustment, orderly use of electricity and two-way marketing in electricity consumption.
Second, the comprehensive benefit evaluation of smart grid
2. 1 Analysis of the impact of smart grid construction on economic growth
Smart grid construction is an important part of energy infrastructure construction, which costs a lot and involves a wide range. The impact on related industries is obvious, and the investment in smart grid construction will double the effect of stimulating economic growth. At the same time, with the acceleration of the modernization process of the whole society, the irreplaceable role of electricity in social and economic development has become increasingly prominent. The construction of smart grid plays an increasingly important role in transforming the mode of economic development and realizing rapid, efficient and sustainable economic development.
2.2 Analysis of social benefits of smart grid
In the construction of energy infrastructure, electricity is an indispensable basic industry, which plays a significant role in promoting related industries, machinery and thermal power industries. Therefore, the construction of smart grid can first promote the development of related industries and the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. It can promote the industrial upgrading of electrician and manufacturing industry, and the development of communication and electronic industry based on smart grid construction can promote the development of communication network and the comprehensive informatization of society. Secondly, the construction of smart grid can guarantee the national energy security. It can make up for the vulnerability of the current power system in China, and prevent large-scale power outages that may be caused by natural disasters. It can also reduce the security threat to the national economy and people's lives caused by man-made attacks. Finally, the construction of smart grid can coordinate regional division of labor and cooperation, narrow regional differences, avoid waste of energy resources and reduce the pressure of energy transportation.
2.3 Analysis of environmental benefits of smart grid
The characteristics of smart grid include: clean and low carbon. As an efficient and environmentally friendly energy system, smart grid can improve the efficiency of energy production, conversion, transmission and utilization. Improve the safety, economy, cleanliness and environmental friendliness of energy. The energy-saving and emission-reduction capability of smart grid can be realized in three aspects: First, the power optimization capability: increase the proportion of clean energy, improve the efficiency of clean energy use, and access new energy to replace traditional energy to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction. Second, power grid efficiency: From the transmission distance, smart grid shortens the transportation distance by changing the layout of energy resources. From the voltage level, smart grid reduces the loss in the transmission and distribution process and improves the energy utilization rate. Third, the ability of load shaping, smart grid uses the price mechanism to transfer users in peak hours to low hours, thus alleviating the power load.
refer to
1, Economic Analysis of China Grain Crop Technical Progress Model Yang Wei China Academy of Agricultural Sciences 2007-06-0 1