The 60th anniversary of China, 60 years of changes, can be described as a snap! 60 years of personal experience has touched the pulse of social progress, and 60 years of reform and opening up have benefited everyone in China. 197865438+February, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party was successfully held, which opened a new historical period of reform and opening up and was a great turning point with far-reaching significance in the history of our party since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The national economy has developed rapidly in the past 30 years, and our living and working conditions have also changed greatly in these 30 years. Food, clothing, housing and transportation, living environment and working conditions are all earth-shaking. According to my mother, in the era of voucher supply during the planned economy period, you can buy at most two new clothes a year, or ordinary plain cloth. The expectation of "wearing new clothes for the New Year" was the wish of peers at that time. If you can put on new clothes before the New Year, the satisfaction and pride envied by your neighbors are beyond the reach of young people nowadays, not to mention that every little angel now has at least several sets of clothes with good styles and textures and distinct seasons. The supply of food is unforgettable for my mother. It is natural to buy meat with tickets, but there is absolutely no need to be picky, let alone wait in line in the crowded open air and worry about whether it is my turn to buy goods. Because of the scramble for food, adults make noise and even scramble for food, which scares children. When my mother was a teenager, she was most afraid of letting her parents shout in line. When accepting this task, she often insisted that "I would rather not eat meat than wait in line". In the sixties and seventies, materials were extremely scarce. A piece of brown sugar or tofu, or even Chili noodles with some salt, was once a common snack for people. At that time, eating with relish was no less than the excitement of children eating the latest food on the market, and the carefree after being numb by peppers was no less than the hearty after eating hot pot. Thirty years ago, many families had only one house. Almost the same layout is to put a bed or a wardrobe in the middle of the house, draw curtains and divide the house into two rooms, with the living room and dining room in front. My mother said that when they play, they can only sit under the covers. If conditions are better, they can prepare one or two ponies or Xiao Mu stools. Families with many children have to be designed as bunk beds, with another bedroom and storage room behind the bed. When conditions are good now, most people live in three rooms and one living room and have their own independent kingdom. That kind of excitement is self-evident. Not to mention how advanced the automation office conditions are now, I don't know how many kinds of water heaters have been changed just by drinking boiled water. In the late 1950s, boiling water could only be prepared during the supply time of the boiler room in the morning to ensure the needs of the whole day. It's uncomfortable to sit next to the office and reach out and add pure water to the water dispenser now. Communication tools have also changed. In the 1980 s, a hand-held telephone was used, and it was a headache every time you needed to contact, not to mention connecting the operator of the post office first and then transferring to a certain place or unit. If the other party's signal is not very good, I have to make several calls, and sometimes it takes a day to get through. In the 1990s, the pioneer of reform and opening-up, with a BB machine slung around his waist, made phone calls at any time and had paging signals. Every time he shouts, he even pretends not to hear it, so that it can ring a few more times ... The pride of the holder is self-evident. In the Millennium, mobile phones have once again become a status symbol. The holder should not only shout in a voice out of proportion to his height, but also speak in the local language to make him feel like a saint in front of others. In today's 2 1 century, everyone has more than one mobile phone in his hand, so wherever he goes, he is close at hand, and his work efficiency and economic benefits are fruitful. I have been touched by the changes in the past 60 years, but what I have experienced is only a small microcosm of the lives of thousands of people in Qian Qian. In the past 30 years of reform and opening-up, China has gone through hundreds of years of history in western capitalist countries, and its great achievements have not come easily. We live in such a beautiful golden age, and this happy, stable and harmonious situation also needs us to cherish and maintain. Through our efforts and struggles, the motherland will become more and more prosperous and the people's lives will become better and better! Interviewee: Weeping popcorn-The main achievement of trainee magician level 3 5-9 19:03 Education has developed on the basis of backward economy and underdeveloped culture and education since the founding of New China. At the beginning of the People's Republic of China, New China took over and reformed the old schools. After 1952, according to the needs of national construction, the departments of colleges and universities were adjusted, teaching reforms were carried out in schools at all levels, accelerated middle schools for workers and peasants were established, adult education was actively carried out, it was stipulated that all schools were open to workers and peasants, and the people's scholarship system was implemented. From 65438 to 0953, New China entered the first five-year plan period, and education was brought into the national planning track. During this period, education developed rapidly. 196 1 years ago, the national economy was in a temporary difficult period. Subsequently, according to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement", education was greatly adjusted during the period of 196 1- 1963. After adjustment, the teaching quality of schools at all levels and the scientific research level of colleges and universities have been improved. During the "Cultural Revolution", education was severely damaged, resulting in a shortage of professionals in all fronts. After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", educational work began to bring order out of chaos and adjust reforms, which fundamentally changed the situation on the educational front and restored and developed the educational cause. 1978 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the focus of state work shifted to socialist modernization, the status and role of education continued to improve and strengthen, and education has developed rapidly. Since the founding of New China, China's education has suffered many mistakes, especially during the Cultural Revolution. But on the whole, great achievements have been made: from 1.949 to 1.989, there are 1.7056 million graduates from colleges and secondary specialized schools nationwide. The number of college graduates in 1949- 1989 is 35.6 times that in 1928- 1947. The number of technical secondary school graduates in 1949- 1989 is 8.3 times that in 193 1- 1946. Ordinary colleges and universities increased from 205 in 1949 to 1075 in 1989, and the number of undergraduate and junior college students increased from 106500 to 20825438+00000, increasing by 5.24 times and/kloc-0 respectively. The number of secondary specialized schools increased from 1 17 1 in 1989 to 3,984, and the number of students increased from 228,800 to 265,438+077,500, increasing by 2.4 times and 8.52 times respectively. The number of graduate students in 1989 increased by 160. 1 1 times, reaching10.130,000. From 1949 to 1989, China's general secondary education and primary education developed rapidly, making great contributions to improving the quality of the Chinese nation and the scientific and cultural level of the people. 1949 There were 4,045 ordinary middle schools with students103,900, and 1989 increased to 89,600 and 45,540,200, respectively, increasing by 2 1. 14 times and 42.83 times. 1949 has 346,800 primary schools with 2,439110,000 students, and 1989 has 772,000 primary schools with 12373 1 10,000 students, increasing by1. The enrollment rate of school-age children has increased from about 20% before liberation to 97.44%. Early childhood education has also developed rapidly, with 1989 reaching 172600 in kindergartens and 18476600 in kindergartens. The establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) has brought the development of higher education in China into a new era. During this period, due to the specific international and domestic environment, the development model of higher education in China almost repeated the road taken half a century ago, that is, the goal of learning and learning was single and concentrated, that is, taking the Soviet Union as an example. During the period from 1949 to 10 in 1959, 86 1 Soviet experts were employed by institutions of higher learning in China, and a considerable number of experts served as consultants in the Ministry of Higher Education. With the guidance and help of these experts, the training objectives, specialty settings, teaching plans and syllabus of colleges and universities have been comprehensively revised and adjusted. The work of experts also includes compiling teaching materials, cultivating graduate students, training teachers, and even infiltrating into specific work fields such as student production practice, curriculum design, graduation design, laboratory and reference room construction. At the same time, by reforming private schools, banning missionary schools and adjusting departments, the government initially completed the transformation of higher education system and pattern before 1949, and a new higher education system based on the Soviet Union was formed and established. The sixth issue (1958 to 1977). Abandon "mode" and return to "tradition". After 1957, due to the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations and the changes in the international and domestic situation, the development of higher education in China gradually embarked on a road of abandoning all foreign "models" and returning to "traditions". The so-called return to "tradition" refers to the attempt to guide the reform of higher education with the experience and methods of China's * * * production party in Yan 'an and other base areas during the war years, especially during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. Abandoning the "model" means refusing to accept any "model" from abroad under the banner of "independence". In the past 20 years, it has experienced the "Great Leap Forward" of higher education brought by the "Great Education Revolution" from 1958 to 1960. Subsequently, with the adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement of the national economy, higher education has undergone major adjustments. 1966 The "Cultural Revolution" was a life of transforming education and culture behind closed doors. After three years of "struggle, approval and reform" under the leadership of the working class, it seems to have achieved the goal of trying to eliminate all interference and influence from foreign models, but the fact is that higher education in China has reached the brink of collapse. The seventh issue (after 1978). Learning from the strengths of other countries, higher education should face the world. 1978 The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of China Producers' Party made a major decision to shift the focus of work to socialist modernization. After experiencing all kinds of disasters brought by the closed door for 20 years, with the establishment of the basic national policy of reform and opening up, China's higher education has re-entered the world. In the 1990s, the China government successively formulated and promulgated a series of laws and regulations, such as People's Republic of China (PRC) Higher Education Law, Action Plan for Revitalizing Education Facing 2 1 Century, and Decision of the Central Committee of the State Council on Deepening Education Reform and Promoting Quality Education in an All-round Way, so as to learn from the experience of higher education development in other countries and accelerate the pace of higher education reform in China. Clearly put forward that "in order to realize modernization, China should have a number of world-class universities. Such a university should be the cradle of cultivating and bringing up high-quality innovative talents, the frontier of understanding the unknown world, exploring objective truth and providing scientific basis for solving major problems facing mankind, an important force for knowledge innovation and promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces, and a bridge for the exchange and reference of outstanding national culture and the achievements of advanced civilizations in the world. " [4] Although there are still many problems to be solved urgently in China's higher education, after a century of hard exploration, it is not advisable to refuse to close down and blindly exclude others, and a single value orientation is not enough, which is becoming the understanding of the government and the intellectual community. It is the only way for China's higher education to go global to explore a development path of higher education that suits China's national conditions and absorbs the advantages of other countries. Through the above brief review, we can see that in a short century, China's higher education has undergone so many changes in the choice of development mode, which is probably unique in the history of world higher education development. In the final analysis, this is restricted by the rapidly changing political, economic and social reality in contemporary China. If we regard a century as a historical process, we will find that in the past 100 years, we seem to have taken a big circle in the choice of the development mode of higher education: compulsory opening (unconscious generalization)-single value orientation-diversified efforts-single value orientation-closure-active opening (learning from others). History has proved that, as a developing country, engaging in its own higher education behind closed doors and refusing to learn from the experience of any advanced country, whether under the dream of "a big country in China" or under the slogan of "self-reliance", it is a dead end of self-isolation and self-restraint; Confined to a certain political environment and single value orientation, it is also not the best choice for development. This is because higher education, as an important spreading place of knowledge and culture created by human beings and as a training base for senior professionals, has its own inherent development law. The development of higher education is not only restricted by the specific national conditions of different countries and regions at different stages of economic development and different political and cultural backgrounds, but also restricted by the development law of higher education itself. In a sense, in the process of how to understand and correctly handle these contradictions, the development model of higher education in China has been promoted for a century. We can't refuse to follow the general law of higher education development on the grounds of emphasizing the particularity of China's national conditions, nor can we ignore China's national conditions on the pretext of flaunting catching up with the world trend. This is an experience and lesson that we should deeply remember when reviewing and summarizing this period of history.