2. Nineteen Ancient Poems represents the highest achievement of literati's five-character poems in Han Dynasty.
3. The name of Nineteen Ancient Poems first appeared in Selected Works edited by Xiao Tong.
4. Nineteen Ancient Poems was produced during the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was written by the middle and lower intellectuals of this era.
5. During the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, the three important stages in the history of China's poetry development were The Book of Songs, Chu Ci and Han Yuefu folk songs.
The literary basis of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties;
1. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the collapse of Confucianism, a new outlook on the world and life was gradually formed, and its theoretical form was metaphysics in the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties.
2. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, under the influence of the imperial clan's contempt for Hyunri, metaphysical poems appeared, which were abstract and boring Hyunri, but only in the form of poems.
3. During Liang and Chen Dynasties, emperors and clans were more decadent in production and more empty in spirit. They are no longer satisfied with the clear sounds of mountains and rivers, but seek strong melodies, so palace poems came into being.
4. The name of "Gongti Poetry" began with Xiao Gang, Liang. Palace poems mainly express palace life with gorgeous words, and there are also some poems similar to word games that describe objects. Palace-style poems came into being and prevailed in Liang and Chen Dynasties.
5. Poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties experienced the change from metaphysics to landscape to palace style.
6. The main achievements of literature in the Northern and Southern Dynasties are as follows: the rise of landscape poetry expanded the theme of poetry; New poetry laid the foundation for the rhyme of ancient poetry; Bao Zhao developed seven-character poems, which were innovative in both theme and poetic form. There are many achievements in literary theory, such as Wen Xin Diao Long and Shi Pin. Parallel prose and novels are both new creations; Xiao Tong compiled China's first literary anthology "Selected Works" and so on.
7. During the Jian 'an period, a group of poets, represented by "Three Cao" and "Seven Zi", on the one hand studied the Han Yuefu and described social unrest and people's livelihood sufferings; On the one hand, he sang his political thoughts and ambitions and formed a sad, generous and vigorous style, which was later called "Jian 'an Style" or "Jian 'an Style".
First, the foundation of Jian 'an literature:
1, the pioneer of the new situation of Jian 'an literature is an outstanding politician, strategist and poet Cao Cao. His representative works of poetry creation include Lu Luxing, Good Li Xing, and A Journey to the Bitter Han, which describe the war and people's sufferings at the end of the Han Dynasty. "Bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles" is a famous sentence of Hao. The short song "The mountain is not too high, the sea is not too deep, the Duke of Zhou vomits and feeds, and the world belongs to his heart" shows his ambition to unify the world and the spirit of being proactive, showing his broad mind; "A trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected, a brilliant star and a brilliant person, if unexpected" in Watching the Sea describes the magnificent atmosphere of the sea. "My heart is full of lofty sentiments" in "A Short Song" shows the author's yearning for talents, and "An old man riding a horse, aiming at a thousand miles, a martyr in his twilight years, courageously marching forward" in "Waiting for Hou" shows Cao Cao's positive and enterprising spirit.
2. Cao Cao is a pioneer in creating a new situation in literature. He pioneered the use of Yuefu old poems to write current affairs. Besides his five-character poems, there are many excellent four-character poems. He studied Han Yuefu, but he has his own style.
3. The earliest extant complete seven-character poem of literati is Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi; His Dian Lun is the earliest extant literary monograph. He advocated literature and promoted the prosperity of Jian 'an literature.
4. Cao Zhi's life and creation can be divided into two periods, which are bounded by Cao Pi's proclaimed emperor in 220 AD.
5. The representative works of Cao Zhi's poetry creation are "White Horse Pieces", which describes the superb martial arts and patriotic spirit of a ranger teenager. Among them, "A famous soldier should not be a strong man and should not be selfish" reflects the patriotic spirit of the teenager; "Give Xu Gan" to encourage friends to make contributions; "Seven Sorrow" pinned its depression and pain on the thinking women; Noda's trip to an oriole describes the story of a teenager who cut a net and saved an oriole. Yin on Mount Tai describes the poor life of the seaside people. "Beauty" and so on, pin their feelings of lack of talent on the distress of unmarried beauty in their prime. Zhong Rong called his poems "high-spirited, and the words were taken from Huamao".
6. The important writers in the Jian 'an period were "Three Cao", "Seven Zi" and the poetess Cai Yan. "Three Caos" refers to Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi; The name of "Seven Scholars" can be found in Cao Pi's Classical Essays, which refers to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu, with RoyceWong as the highest achievement.
7. The representative work reflecting social unrest and people's sufferings in the creation of "Seven Poems" is RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems, one of which "Going Out Without Seeing, Bones Cover the Plain" shows the sufferings brought to the people by the war. Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Ruan Yu's Driving Out of the North Gate, etc. Liu Zhen's three masterpieces expressing his personal ambitions and experiences are To My Brother.
8. The extant Cai Yan includes Five-character Poems of Sorrow and Anger, Poems of Sorrow and Anger, Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia, etc. The most credible is Cai Yan's grief and indignation poem.
Second, the literary basis of the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty
1, Zhengshi literature generally refers to the literature in the late Wei Dynasty, and the representative writers in this period are Ji Kang and Ruan Ji.
2. The representative of Ji Kang's prose is "Breaking Up with the Mountain Residence", and the representative of his poetry is "Giving a Scholar to Join the Army". Ruan Ji's main poetry creation is 82 love poems, and the most famous prose is Biography of Mr. Adult.
3. Ruan Ji's Yong Huai Lu has made great achievements in using Wang Yan's poems to express emotion and irony. One of them, Sleepless at Night, Sit Up and Play the Piano, shows my loneliness and anguish, and opens a way for progressive writers under the rule of darkness to write political lyrics. "Words in the eyes and ears, feelings in the table of eight shortages" in Shi Pin summarizes Ruan Ji's poetic style. Tao Yuanming's Drinking, Yu Xin's Quasi-Yong Huai.
4. Zhang Hua, Zhang Xie, Lu Ji, Pan Ni, Pan Yue and Zuo Si were the directors of "Three Zhang, Two Lu, Two Pan and One Zuo" before and after Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, and they were famous poets in Taikang period.
5. Taikang's literary creation has two bad tendencies: one is to imitate the prosperity of the ancients; The second is to pursue flowery words and double neatness. Liu Xie said that "taking the initiative and stopping is softer than Jian 'an" refers to Taikang literature.
6. Lu Ji was the most famous writer in the Taikang era, as well as Pan Yue, Zhang Hua and Zhang Xie.
7. Lu Ji's representative works include "Ancient Poems 12", which imitates ancient poems 19, and "Going to Luodao to do things", which describes his traveling life; Pan Yue's masterpiece is three mourning poems.
8. Zuo Si was the most accomplished poet in the Western Jin Dynasty, and his poems directly inherited the reputation of "Zuo Si Feng Zhi".
9. Zuo Si's representative works include eight epic poems, which use allusions and techniques such as comparison. For example, "the world stands tall and he sinks" is the contrast, while "pine and cypress at the bottom of the sword" and "seedlings on the mountain" are metaphors for poor intellectuals and aristocratic children, and are also used to reflect the contradiction between poor intellectuals and aristocratic children. In addition, Zhao Yin, Nv Jiao Poems and Sandu Fu are all his representative works.
10, Liu Kun's masterpiece is "Fufeng Song", he is a poet who loves his country and his hometown. Guo Pu, whose masterpiece is Fourteen Poems by Zhou Xian, is a metaphysical poet. In Preface to Poetry, the criticism of metaphysical poetry is that he "rationalizes his words and indifferent to his taste".
Third, the foundation stone of Tao Yuanming:
1, Tao Yuanming, also known as Qian, was born in Chaisang, Xunyang, posthumous title, and was a "gentleman in the quiet world". Later people called him Tao Pengze because he had made Peng Ling Ze. After he resigned from Peng, he lived a hard life of "burying dirt in the morning and returning home in the month".
2. Tao Yuanming's poems can be divided into two categories: pastoral poems and poems about the past and the future. His famous prose poems include Biography of Mr. May 6th, Return and the Afterlife, Poems of Scholars' Feelings, Poems of Misfortune and so on.
3. According to its content, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems can be divided into three aspects: one part shows the tranquility of the countryside and his carefree mood, and the representative works are Returning to the Pastoral Poet (No Custom Rhyme) and Drinking (Building a house is in a humanistic environment); The other part sings enthusiastically about agricultural labor and the friendship established with farmers in labor, such as Returning to the Countryside (Planting beans at the foot of Nanshan Mountain) and Early Rice in the West Field in September of Gengxu New Year (Returning to the Road in Life). There is also a small part that reflects the poverty in rural areas and their own poor life, such as the fourth "Returning to the Pastoral Poetry" (Traveling in Yamazawa), as well as the resentment in the poem and Chu's description of Pang Zhizhong. Peach Blossom Garden, written in his later years, is a new development of his pastoral poems.
4. Tao Yuanming's poems and epic poems inherited Ruan Ji's and Zuo Si's Ci from the beginning, and carried forward the spirit of Jian 'an. Representative works include Miscellaneous Poems (No.2) and Reading Classic of Mountains and Seas (10).
5. Lu Xun called some of Tao Yuanming's object-chanting poems "Reading the Classics of Mountains and Seas", the tenth of which was "Glaring at King Kong".
6. The artistic features of Tao Yuanming's poems: 1, the unity of plain and mellow beauty. Tao's poems seldom use strange images, exaggerated techniques and flowery words, and even seldom use adjectives. 2. Unity of emotion, scenery and reason.
7. Tao Yuanming was the most accomplished poet in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. His appearance broke the rules of metaphysical poetry. He inherited the tradition of Ruan Ji and Zuo Si and carried forward the spirit of Jian 'an. Pastoral poetry is his original creation. Pastoral poetry has become a unique school in the history of poetry.
8. The art of Tao poetry has a great influence on later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, poets such as Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Wei and Liu Zongyuan studied pastoral poetry.
The fourth chapter is the basis of Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties:
1. There are about 500 Yuefu folk songs in the Southern Dynasties, most of which belong to "Shang Qing's lyrics" in Yuefu poems, including 326 "Wu Ge", "Opera" 142 and "Fairy Songs" 18.
5. In addition to Wu Ge and opera, Yuefu folk songs in the Southern Dynasties also have a long poem "Xizhou Song", which belongs to "miscellaneous songs".
8. The folk songs of the Northern Dynasties are mainly included in the Collection of Music Poems, and there are also a few miscellaneous songs with more than 60 songs.
10, the folk songs of the Northern Dynasties were created by the people of all ethnic groups in the North. In addition to the works of Han people, there are Miao, Qiang and Xianbei people, most of which are Xianbei folk songs.
12. The most outstanding narrative poem in the folk songs of the Northern Dynasties is Mulan Poetry, which was produced not later than Chen, and is probably the work of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The basis of poetry in the Five Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties;
1. In the Jin and Song Dynasties, metaphysical poetry was replaced by landscape poetry initiated by Xie Lingyun.
2. Xie Lingyun is also called Xie because of his tradition of sealing the public. His representative works of landscape poetry include Climbing the Pool to the Upstairs (furtive and charming) and Entering the Lake Mouth of Peng Li (tourists are tired of water). "Spring grass grows in the pond and willow becomes songbirds" in "Climbing the pond upstairs" is a famous sentence about scenery.
3. Bao Zhao's main contribution to the form of poetry is to broaden the road for seven-character poetry. His representative poems include Imitation is Difficult (I can't eat a case), among which the poem "Sages are poor and humble since ancient times, let alone our generation is lonely and straightforward" shows dissatisfaction with the gate system, "Imitating the Ancient" (paying equal attention to riding and shooting) and "Six Classics".
4. Bao Zhao's poems directly inherited the literary tradition of Jian 'an and wrote Yuefu poems. He is the poet who has made the greatest contribution to the seven-character poem after Cao Pi.
5. The poets mentioned in the textbook are Ruan Ji, Zuo Si, Tao Yuanming and Bao Zhao.
6. The so-called new-style poetry refers to the works that have paid attention to rhythm and duality for more than 100 years from Qi to Sui, which is called new-style poetry. Qi, Liang and Chen are the periods of the formation and development of new style poetry. The so-called new body is in terms of its form. During the reign of Qi Yongming, Shen Yue, a famous poet, studied the harmony of sound, rhyme and tone in poetry according to the overlapping rhyme of four tones and two tones, and pointed out eight prosodic defects that should be avoided, which were called "eight diseases". During the reign of Qi Yongming, Shen Yue and others created a new kind of metrical poem, which is called Yongming style, and this kind of metrical poem is coordinated by rhythm and duality.
7. Apart from Shen Yue, other writers of new poetry have also made great achievements, such as Xie Tiao, He Xun, a poet of Liang Dynasty, and Yin Keng, a poet of Chen Dynasty.
8. In the history of literature, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao were called "big thanks" and "Xiao Xie" respectively. Xie Tiao was also called "Xie Xuancheng" because he was the prefect of Xuancheng.
9. In Xie Tiao's landscape poems, there is a famous sentence describing the sunset scenery along the river, which is called "Going to the Three Mountains in the Evening and Returning to Wangjing Town" (looking at Chang 'an from afar). Among them, "The sunset glow is scattered, and the Chengjiang River is quiet as practice" describes the sunset scenery along the river, and "Hundreds of birds cover Chunzhou, and the miscellaneous English are full of Fangdian" describes the scenery around Jiankang (Nanjing). This is a famous sentence about scenery.
10, some short poems of five words and four sentences by Xie Tiao have the flavor of folk songs in the Southern Dynasties, with concise language and meaningful feelings, such as "Hosta" (the bead curtain of your highness in the sunset glow) and "Wang Sunyou" (the green grass is like silk).
1 1. Following metaphysical poems and landscape poems, the once popular poems in the Southern Dynasties were palace poems.
12, Du Fu said in Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom: "Why bother to study Yin" reflects two poets, Yin Keng and He Ding. Their famous works are Yin Keng's farewell to Liu Guanglu in Jiangjin (still in Linjiangzhu) and He Xun's farewell (the guest has missed it a hundred times).
13, Yu Xin is a master of poetry achievements in the Southern Dynasties. In his early years, he was a famous palace poet in the Liang Dynasty. Later, he went to the Western Wei Dynasty and was detained in the north for life. He initially combined the poetic styles of the South and the North.
14. The representative work of Yu Xin's poems is Twenty-seven Poems to be sung. He was the highest parallel prose writer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His masterpiece is Jiangnan Fu, which describes the rise and fall of Liang Dynasty and his own life experience. His five-character poems include Farewell to Wang Lin (far away) and Farewell to Zhou Shangshu (Qingkong Road, Wan Li).
15, parallel prose is relative to prose. It has three characteristics: the first is to pay attention to duality and use four or six sentences. Because of the duality of the two sentences, it seems that two horses are riding side by side, so it is called parallel prose. Second, we should pay attention to the level tone in pronunciation. The third is to use allusions and flowery words. It can be said that parallel prose is a poetic prose.
16 years, among the parallel prose in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the representative works are Bao Zhao's Poem of Wucheng, Kong's Poem of Beishan, Liang Jiangyan's Poem of Complaining, Tao Hongjing's Appreciation Book and Wu Yun's Random Thoughts of Song and Yuan Dynasties.
17. The representative works of prose in the Northern Dynasties are Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty and The Story of Luoyang and Galand by Yang Xuanzhi.
Six novels of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties;
1. Novels in the Northern and Southern Dynasties can be divided into two categories according to their contents, namely, novels about strange stories and novels about characters.
2. Among the novels of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, The Search for God by Gan Bao in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is relatively complete, which can represent the strange novels of this period.
3. Liu Song Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu is the representative work of strange stories in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
4. Shi Shuo Xin Yu is divided into 36 articles, which are annotated by Liang Liu.
Literary theory in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
1. The first extant monograph on literary theory and criticism in China is Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper.
2. Following the Classic Essays, another important work in the history of literary criticism is Lu Ji's "Western Jin Wen Fu".
3. The most important and systematic literary theory work in the history of China's literary criticism is Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long.
4. Ling, a five-character poem in the Liang Dynasty, is Zhong Rong's poem.
Literature foundation of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties;
1. According to The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty compiled by Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, there were more than 2,000 poets in Tang Dynasty, with more than 48,900 works and 900 volumes.
2. The development of Tang poetry can be roughly divided into four periods: prophase, heyday, metaphase and anaphase.
3. In the first 50 years of the early Tang Dynasty, palace poems were full of poetry. The "official style" based on "odd and correct flattery" is the representative of this period.
4. Literature in the Tang Dynasty showed a situation of a hundred flowers blooming, with great development in poetry, prose and novels. At the same time, there appeared two literary forms: Ci and Bianwen.
5. The central issues in the early Tang Dynasty were: (1) breaking through the narrow theme of poetry in the Six Dynasties, making poetry express a broad social life and major political issues; (2) Abandoning the frivolous poetic style and establishing a new poetic style full of vigor and vitality; (3) Establish legal system and develop seven-character songs.
6. In the fifty years after the early Tang Dynasty, four outstanding poets began to break through the content of "palace style", followed by Shen Song, who established the form of metrical poetry, and finally, Chen Ziang denounced the poetic style of Qi Liang and advocated Jian 'an style, which opened the way for the development of Tang poetry.
7. Positive romanticism represented by Li Bai is the mainstream of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and political poems and frontier poems reflect the characteristics of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
8. The new Yuefu movement represented by Bai Juyi, like a big river, ran through the whole middle Tang Dynasty.
9. The theme of love was very popular in the late Tang Dynasty, which was influenced by citizen literature.