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abstract:
Mercantilism, classical economics, neoclassical economics and modern macroeconomics are four stages of western economics division. Only by determining this content can we further explore and analyze the differences and relations between microeconomics and macroeconomics. This paper briefly describes the formation links of microeconomics and macroeconomics, and deeply analyzes the main differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics. On this basis, this paper expounds the relationship between them, hoping to provide some help for relevant researchers.
Key words:
Microeconomics; Macroeconomics; Form; Difference; Contact information;
Introduction:
Western economics has been divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics since Keynes. Microeconomics is committed to expounding the essence of price mechanism based on the economic behavior of a single unit through in-depth analysis and research, and thinking about how to solve the problem of unreasonable resource allocation that has always existed in society; The difference between macroeconomics and macroeconomics is that macroeconomics pays more attention to the study of social economy, which contains a lot of theories on managing social economy from the perspective of the state. It is necessary to adopt appropriate economic policies to inject new vitality into the sustainable development of social economy, thus helping to solve the long-term problem that different interests conflicts affect social stability. From the perspective of microeconomics, economics is devoted to the in-depth study of resource allocation, while from the perspective of macroeconomics, economics is the study of related issues of resource utilization. Therefore, how to choose an appropriate way to ensure the rationality of allocation and improve the effectiveness of resource utilization has become the direction of people's efforts, which is also the research answer that modern economics wants to find.
1, the formation of microeconomics and macroeconomics
1. 1 mercantilism
Mercantilism originated in15th century and ended in17th century. Mercantilism, in Marx's view, is the earliest achievement of exploring modern production mode and development theory. However, due to the limitations of the times, regions and other conditions, many mercantilist researchers have limited their research scope to the circulation field, and most of the contents they contain are policy propositions, and they have not obtained a system with integrity and practical application value in the process of continuous in-depth research. Therefore, mercantilism can only be regarded as the earliest stage of economics.
1.2, Classical Economics
Classical economics originated in the middle of17th century and was an economic theoretical system before 1970s. As an important researcher in classical economics, Adam Smith undoubtedly played an important role in the field of classical economics. As his representative, the famous The Wealth of Nations also means the birth of modern economics. For the classical economy, its most advocated policy is to let all economic behaviors happen freely and let prices adjust the economy independently. Even if there are bound to be a series of consequences caused by people's constant pursuit of their own interests, the distribution of resources will gradually become balanced in this process, which will help to realize the rational distribution of resources. When classical economists study economics, they are no longer confined to the field of circulation, but pay more attention to the field of production, which is the main reason why economics has become a relatively independent research system.
1.3, Neoclassical Economics (Microeconomics)
From the marginal revolution in 1970s (19), neoclassical economics came into being until 1930s. At this stage, the theory of marginal utility value was put forward by many economists and finally perfected by Pombavik, and finally became a complete theoretical research system with independent characteristics. From 65438 to 0890, in the Principles of Economics compiled by economist Marshall, the theory of production cost was closely combined with the theory of marginal utility value, and on this basis, through continuous research, an economic system with the balanced value theory as the core of systematic research was gradually established. The emergence of this system marks the establishment of modern economics and lays an important and solid theoretical foundation for modern microeconomics.
1.4, macroeconomics
In the 1930s, the emergence of Keynesianism was an important symbol of the development of contemporary western economics. Under the background of the formation of capitalism and the outbreak of the capital world in 1929- 1933, the crisis prompted Keynes to publish the General Theory of Employment Information and Money in 1936, which thoroughly clarified the relationship between employment level and output. The close relationship between the two makes it possible to deeply analyze the specific situation of national income from the perspective of total demand and the main reasons of unemployment at this stage under the condition of insufficient effective demand, so as to formulate a series of specific measures to intervene in the national economy and improve the management of specific demand. The relevant theories put forward by Keynes under such environmental conditions, because the national income is the core of the theoretical system, and on the basis of state intervention, supplemented by policies and theoretical propositions, * * * has become a modern macroeconomic system, laying a solid foundation for the continuous enrichment of its theories.
2. The difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics
2. 1, basic hypothesis difference
The research of microeconomics is related to a series of assumptions, and its basic assumptions mainly include three points: first, it has the characteristics of complete rationality; Second, the market is clear; The third is the integrity of information. There are two basic assumptions about macroeconomics: first, its market environment or market mechanism is imperfect; The second is that as a government, it has the basic ability to regulate and control the economy.
2.2, the basic content of different
Equilibrium price theory, distribution theory, general equilibrium theory, consumer behavior theory and producer behavior theory are the basic contents of microeconomics, including time and property rights economics. The content of macroeconomics is essentially different from microeconomics, including theories (such as national income determination theory, economic cycle and growth theory, etc.). ) and a series of macroeconomic policies and benefits, involving a lot of content, basically covering all market environments and basic economic growth conditions.
2.3. Differences in research objects
From the perspective of microeconomics, its research object is a series of economic behaviors with the characteristics of a single economic unit. The so-called microeconomics is actually to study the economic behavior of a single economic subject (such as families and manufacturers) and explore how to achieve the basic goal of one-to-one correspondence between various commodity consumption and limited income by adopting appropriate methods. From the perspective of enterprises, this paper discusses how to realize the production of various commodities under the limitation of limited resources to help them maximize their profits. Some economists have emphasized that whether manufacturers and residents, a single economic unit, can optimize their behaviors is an important basis and a solid theoretical basis for determining the effectiveness of microeconomic theory exploration. There are many differences between macroeconomics and microeconomics Macroeconomics is an in-depth analysis and study of the whole composed of individual units. The research object is the specific performance and mode of economy in the process of operation. When analyzing the existing economic problems, the focus is on the overall situation. Samuelson said: "Output, price level, unemployment and income are important foundations for a complete analysis of the whole economic behavior." Shapiro also stressed that when investigating the national economy, we should take macroeconomics as the basis and regard the national economic behavior and the contents involved as a whole.
2.4, different problem solving.
From the perspective of microeconomics, the problem it aims to solve is mainly the unreasonable allocation of resources. Simply put, resource allocation is what kind of products to produce, who to serve and what kind of production mode to choose. From the perspective of microeconomics, it is a series of behaviors that economic units with single characteristics can highlight the maximum effect in a certain range, thus realizing the optimal allocation of social resources. Generally speaking, what macroeconomics can solve is the problem of resource utilization, focusing on why resources can't be replenished in time at a certain stage, how to maximize the application effect on the basis of existing resources, and how the economy should grow under a certain economic environment.
2.5. Different core theories
Price theory is the core of microeconomics. From the perspective of market economy, the main guiding factor of a series of behaviors produced by residents and manufacturers is price. What kind of products should be produced, how to determine the production method and production target, etc. , are all price-centered. At this time, the price can play a role, as if it is an invisible hand, scientifically regulating all economic activities involved. As the core content of microeconomics, other contents around this theory are centered on price theory, which is the main reason why microeconomics is also called "price theory" under this environmental condition; The theoretical core of macroeconomics is national income. Taking it as the research core, we can deeply analyze the specific utilization of research resources, which provides the basic conditions for a complete study of the specific operation of the entire national economy. As the core theory of macroeconomics, "national income theory" is also the basis of other macroeconomics.
3. The close relationship between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
3. 1, same purpose
No matter what kind of economics, its ultimate goal is to provide correct guiding conditions for all economic behaviors, which will help to realize the optimal allocation of resources and lay a solid foundation for the maximization of social and economic welfare.
3.2. The contents are complementary.
Microeconomics pays attention to how to realize the optimal allocation of resources on the premise that the assumed resources have been fully utilized; Macroeconomics, on the other hand, corresponds to the problem of how to choose the right way to make full use of resources when the optimal allocation of resources has been determined. People usually analyze it from different angles to get answers to social and economic problems. Judging from its specific content, the two have the functions of mutual connection and complementarity. Under the background of mutual complementarity, only by ensuring the closeness of the combination of the two can we lay a solid foundation for the formation of an economic theoretical system with complete characteristics.
3.3. The research and analysis methods are all empirical analysis methods.
These two kinds of economics are based on the assumptions that the social and economic system has been determined, and do not pay attention to the causes and consequences of social and economic changes. They are just the problems of optimal allocation and rational utilization of resources under the unchanged economic system. This kind of research is also not suitable for judging its value and institutional effectiveness, and generally focuses on the analysis of specific issues. The way of empirical description method to analyze the economic operation process is empirical analysis. From this perspective, both macroeconomics and microeconomics should be included in positive economics's category.
4. Conclusion
To sum up, successive formation is the characteristic of the formation time of microeconomics and macroeconomics, but their essence and research purpose are the same. There are also many types of research differences between them, but researchers should make clear the fundamental relationship between them.
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