Shang Yue (1902.3.23—1982.1.6), formerly known as Zongwu, was a famous historian in luoshan county, Henan Province. 192 1 entered Peking university preparatory college, and then entered the undergraduate English language department. 1927 south to join the revolution. In September of the same year, he joined China Producers Party in Kaifeng. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Shang Yue began to study history. 1942 associate professor, lecturer, Yunnan university. From 65438 to 0946, he entered Shandong Liberated Area from Shanghai and became a professor at Shandong University. From 65438 to 0950, Shang Yue served as the director of the China History Teaching and Research Section of Renmin University of China and the academic member of the Institute of History of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of China Academy of Sciences. 1972, Shang Yue was the deputy head of the research group on the history of Qing Dynasty in China Renmin University, 1978 was the head of the history department, and 1982 died.
Chinese name: Shang Shuo
Alias: Formerly known as Zong Wu and Zi Jian 'an, alias Xie Zhong and us.
Nationality: China.
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Place of Birth: luoshan county, Henan Province
Date of birth: 1902...3.23
Date of death: 1982. 1.6
Occupation: revolutionary, historian
Graduate school: Peking University.
Representative works: Outline of China's History, Lectures on General History of China, Disease, Axe Back, etc.
Constellation: Aries
The life of the character
Shang Yue (1902 ~ 1982), named Jian 'an, was born in a ruined landlord family in luoshan county, Henan Province.
19 17, Shang Shuo entered Kaifeng Henan No.2 Middle School.
19 19 joined the may 4th movement, was an activist of the Henan Chinese goods maintenance association, and was one of the main leaders of the student movement. 19 19 during the summer vacation, he and his classmates organized a youth club and founded the third daily newspaper.
192 1 was admitted to Peking University Preparatory College and then transferred to undergraduate course. At that time, under the guidance of Lu Xun, he participated in progressive literary activities, edited publications and created novels. His representative works "Axe Back" and "Disease" were later included in China's new literature series.
Lu Xun's evaluation of him is: "Shang Yue's creation is also intended to be ironic, exposed and combative. The name of this novel is Axe Back, which is a self-mentioned outline. His creative attitude is more serious than that of (Huang) Peng Qi, and his materials are more extensive. He always describes the place where the atmosphere is not open-Xinyang people in Henan. "
/kloc-in the winter of 0/926, with the encouragement of Li Dazhao, Shang Yue took off his student clothes before graduation and returned to his hometown of Luoshan to organize the peasant self-defense forces to prepare for the arrival of the Northern Expedition. However, when the Northern Expeditionary Army was temporarily stationed in Wuhan, it listened to Li Dazhao's guidance and went south to Shanghai and Wuhan to participate in the revolution. After Guo Moruo's introduction, it served as a captain in the editorial department of the Political Department of the Northern Expeditionary Army.
1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei successively rebelled against the revolution, and white terror enveloped the whole country. On September 6th, introduced by Wang, Minister of Propaganda Department of Henan Provincial Party Committee, Shang Yue joined China * * * Production Party and presided over the publication "Rushing Forward" of the provincial party committee. In June+10, 5438, he was sent to southern Henan, and served as the director of the propaganda and agitation department of the southern Henan Special Committee, the party representative of the sixth detachment of the Fourth Brigade of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army, and the chairman of the local Soviet Union. In February 65438, he was ordered to go to Luoshan and Guangshan to launch an armed peasant uprising. In public, he is an English teacher at Xinyang Haibin Middle School. 1928 was arrested and imprisoned by the bandit troops of miscellaneous brands, and was released after many rescues. In the meantime, the Henan Special Committee was destroyed by the enemy, and was arrested again when he went to Shanghai to find a party organization via Wuhan, and was escorted to Hangzhou Army Prison for trial. In prison, I was tortured, but I always kept conservative secrets. After being rescued by the party organization, he was released on bail pending trial.
1in the spring of 929, Shang Yue was introduced by Chu Tunan and sent to Yuwen Middle School in Jilin Province to teach. Secretly organized a reading club in the school and co-founded Canxing Weekly with Chu Tunan. In class, teach students Lenin's English version of Imperialism is the Highest Stage of Capitalism, publicize revolutionary ideas, and mobilize teachers and students to fight against the reactionaries in the school.
During this period, his students included Kim Il Sung, who later became the backbone of Northeast War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and also became the leader of the Korean revolution. Kim Il Sung said Shang Yue was his "first teacher of Marxism–Leninism". Later, because the education authorities expelled the students for no reason, Shang Shuo complained and argued, and was dismissed by the school. Later, I came to Harbin No.5 Middle School to teach. Soon after, he was dismissed by the authorities and ordered to leave the country because he started the organization of "anti-imperialist alliance"
1930, go to Shanghai to find a party organization. First he worked in the Propaganda Department and Organization Department of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and then he was transferred to Red Flag Daily, the organ newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, as the director of the interview department. During this period, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee conducted a political review of Shang Yue's past experience and restored his party organization relationship. What is particularly emphasized here is that in this year, his wife Chen Youqing took three children with the Red Army to the Hubei, Henan and Anhui Soviet Area. 1932, Zhang killed her as a counter-revolutionary, and her third son, Shang Hailun, disappeared. This is the first time that Shang Yue lost his wife and children.
1932 In April, Shang Yue was appointed by the Central Committee as the Secretary-General of the Manchurian Provincial Party Committee. At that time, * * * Manchuria Provincial Party Committee wanted to hold a flying rally and demonstration. Shang Yue believes that in the case of Japan's occupation of Northeast China, the people should first be armed to resist Japan. Because of disagreement with the provincial party Committee, he was expelled from the party. Later, he went to the Soviet Union to complain to * * * Production International, but failed. 1934 returned to China, got in touch with Beiping Municipal Committee of China, and continued to run the publication "Northern Red Flag". Soon, the Beiping Municipal Committee was destroyed by the enemy, and the relations between the parties were completely interrupted. In the name of Shang Jian 'an, he moved from place to place and came to teach in Zhongwei County Middle School in Ningxia in 1936 as a Chinese and English teacher.
While at school, Shang Yue continued to write novels, while secretly organizing groups among students to expose them to progressive books and periodicals such as Popular Life, National War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and Northwest Corner of China. In the name of student reading club, he also managed to develop mail-order books from Ping Jin and Shanghai, such as Scream, Wandering, Weeds, The Good Earth and Mother. After a period of education and training, students were introduced to the anti-Japanese military and political university in northern Shaanxi.
1March, 937, before I left Zhongwei Middle School, I took a group photo with students such as Meng Changyou, Yao Huailian, Zuo Lian, Yingchun Liu, etc. 12, and wrote an inscription on the top of the photo: "Young brothers, our road can only move forward if we are thoughtful and discerning!" This reflects the mood and footprint of a great revolutionary, and also reflects the encouragement and expectation of an elder to say goodbye to him. A few decades later, Shang Yue, who was nearly eighty years old, wrote in "My Experience": "(At that time) I was in a very dangerous situation. I couldn't find a party organization and decided to go to Yan 'an to find a party. 12 students heard that I was leaving, and they also said they would go with me, but I couldn't tell them where I was going. They sent me sixty or seventy miles, but they still refused to go back. On the way, we got off the carriage to have dinner. I took out a letter written in advance and asked them to take it to Yan 'an, northern Shaanxi to find the party. My letter is addressed to the Yan 'an Party Organization. In the letter, I introduced myself and reported to the Party about my publicity and education of these twelve people in Ningxia, hoping that the Party would continue to train them to become the backbone of Party building in Ningxia. I can't take my children and my family across the Yellow River, but I can only bypass northern Shaanxi. Later, I received a letter from these twelve people in Wuhan, saying that soon after they arrived in Yan 'an, the Party assigned them to study in Luochuan. They are very happy. After the "Cultural Revolution", the school went to Ningxia to investigate me, and I realized that the party really sent these comrades back to Ningxia to do party building work. Some of them have become the first martyrs in Ningxia.
After bidding farewell to Zhongwei Middle School, Shang Yue came to the provincial capital Ningxia Middle School (now Yinchuan No.1 Middle School) to teach. After a while, in order to find a party organization, he returned to Peiping on 1937. Without contacting the party organization, he went to northern Shaanxi again. When passing by the Eighth Route Army's office in An, Dong instructed to work in Wuhan first, and then to solve the organizational relationship. From 65438 to 0938, Guo Moruo introduced him to Wuhan, where he worked in the Third Hall of the Political Department of the Military Commission of the National Government and served as the director of the Lieutenant Colonel Library. 1939 before the fall of Wuhan, he moved to Chongqing with Santang.
194 1 after the southern Anhui incident, the Kuomintang once again set off an anti-* * climax, and the three churches were forced to dissolve. In accordance with the instructions of the Party, he left Chongqing for Yunnan, where he taught in Ruiyun Middle School in Kunming and Yunnan University successively, teaching Chinese and the general history of China. At the same time, continue to train students to make progress.
1943, Huagang, the former propaganda minister of Nanfang Bureau, was sent by the Central Committee to Kunming to do the United front work in Long Yun, and at the same time, the Southwest Cultural Research Association was organized to help the senior intellectuals of National Southwest Associated University and Yunnan University understand the Eighth Route Army's fighting situation in North China and the policies of the Central Committee. Wen Yiduo, Wu Han, Pan Guangdan, Cao Zhaolun, Li Gongpu and others attended the Cultural Research Association. They later joined the NLD and played an important role in promoting the patriotic and democratic movement in Yunnan. At that time, Shang Yue assisted Huagang and Chu Tunan in their work and became the backbone of the Southwest Cultural Research Association. 1945, Shang Yue rejoined the Party. 1In August, 946, according to the instructions of the Party, he went to Shanghai, Shandong and North China Liberated Area successively, and taught in Shandong University, Shanxi Northern University and Hebei Zhengding North China University successively. 1in the autumn of 949, with the army of party and government entering Beijing, the birth of New China was ushered in.
1950 China Renmin university was established, Shang yue was appointed as the deputy director and director of the history teaching and research section, and was a member of the history research institute of the department of philosophy and social sciences of China academy of sciences. During this period, he not only taught China history and other courses, but also wrote 1 10,000-word Lecture Notes on General History of China, and wrote many academic papers and monographs. 1954, The Outline of China History was published by People's Publishing House. This book is rich in content, clear in structure and concise in language. It tries to explain the law of China's historical development with Marxism. It has been well received by cadres and history teaching circles. It has sold well for many years (more than 400,000 copies have been issued so far) and has published many translations in Japanese, Russian and Polish abroad.
1959 after the Lushan meeting criticized Peng's right opportunism, Shang Yue, Sun He (Wang) and others also became representatives of right opportunism in history, economy and literature, and were criticized nationwide. Shang Yue is not allowed to give lectures or publish articles. Disciplinary actions are brewing in the Party, and some individuals are trying to decentralize his family to the countryside. Thanks to the resistance of many comrades, he escaped a greater disaster.
1960 was disciplined by the Party and government, and 1962 organized an appraisal of its so-called problems.
During 1966, the "Cultural Revolution" broke out, and Shang Yue was not only criticized academically and ideologically, but also tortured physically. He was punished as a hard worker and put in a bullpen. 1968, his wife Ruan Ji and son Shang committed suicide respectively. This is the second time that Shang Shuo has lost his wife and children. It is in this case that he insisted on his own view that everyone is equal before the truth, and even the opinions of the leaders are just the opinions of one family. Equal discussion should be allowed and people should not be bullied by force.
1976, the Party Committee of China Renmin University revoked all the wrong punishments for Shang Yue. 1978, China Renmin university resumed school, and he was appointed as the head of the history department of China Renmin university. 1979 The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China resumed its party age 1926.
1980 Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China decided to publish an article in a national newspaper to restore his reputation. After returning to work, he worked tirelessly regardless of his age. In his last paper, he wrote: "An excellent historian should be able to distinguish the direction of historical development. What he advocates is not temporary right and wrong, but eternal right and wrong; What is pursued is not a temporary glory, but an objective truth. "
1982 65438+1October 6th, the historian and educator who struggled for eternal right and wrong and objective truth all his life passed away at the age of 80 after suffering.
Character view
Shang Yang insisted on studying history with Marxism, and put forward the feudal theory of Wei and Jin Dynasties, which was different from the feudal theory of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the feudal theory of the Warring States Period, and became the third school juxtaposed with the first two theories. He deeply and systematically studied the history of the germination, evolution and stagnation of Chinese capitalism.
He thought that the slave society in China only transited from Wei and Jin Dynasties to feudal society. Shang Yue also believed that capitalism had sprouted in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mao Zedong said in his book "China Revolution and China Producers' Party" that the feudal system in China "lasted for about three thousand years since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties", that is to say, China was stagnant among all feudal social systems.
Shang Yue's view is inconsistent with Mao Zedong's above statement, so he was criticized. Central newspapers such as People's Daily and Historical Research published a large number of critical articles, including some historical authorities, describing Shang Yue's academic views as trotskyism, revisionism, anti-Marxism and anti-Mao Zedong Thought.
He pointed out that the historical development of China has its own clues and should not be artificially cut off by the Opium War. Because of his unique view of history, he has been criticized for a long time, but he still insists on his own view that history should be governed by an open, honest and realistic person.
main work
Shang Yue's major historical works include Outline of China History (the first concise historical work of China since the founding of New China, which has been published in Japanese, Russian and Polish), Lectures on General History of China, Preliminary Study on the Occurrence and Evolution of Capitalist Relations in China, Exploration of Primitive Social Problems in China and Selected Historical Papers of Shang Yue.
Shang Yue's literary works mainly include the collection of short stories "Sick" _ the back of an axe _ the novel "premeditated" and so on.
Lu Xun commented that his short stories were serious and extensive: "intended to ridicule and expose _ struggle".